Police Department,Requires De-Escalation,"(Policy Language) Requires De-Escalation: Does the policy require officers to de-escalate situations, when possible?",Bans Chokeholds and Strangleholds,"(Policy Language) Bans Chokeholds and Strangleholds: Are chokeholds and strangleholds (including carotid restraints) explicitly prohibited, except in situations where deadly force is authorized?",Duty to Intervene,(Policy Language) Duty to Intervene: Are officers required to intervene when witnessing another officer using excessive force?,Requires Warning Before Shooting,"(Policy Language) Requires Warning Before Shooting: Are officers required to give a verbal warning, when possible, before shooting someone?",Restricts Shooting at Moving Vehicles,(Policy Language) Restricts Shooting at Moving Vehicles: Are officers prohibited from shooting at people in moving vehicles unless the subject presents a separate deadly threat other than the vehicle itself?,Requires Comprehensive Reporting,"(Policy Language) Requires Comprehensive Reporting: Are all uses of force required to be reported, including the pointing of a firearm at a civilian?",Requires Exhaust All Other Means Before Shooting,(Policy Language) Requires Exhaust All Other Means Before Shooting: Are officers required to exhaust all other reasonable alternatives before resorting to deadly force?,Has Use of Force Continuum,"(Policy Language) Has Use of Force Continuum: Is a Force Continuum or Matrix included in the Policy, defining the types of force/weapons that can be used to respond to specific types of resistance?",Year of most recent policy,Total Population,Updated Since 2016,Year of most recent policy,Requires De-Escalation New,Use of Force Continuum New,Ban Chokeholds and Strangleholds New,Require Warning Before Shooting New,Ban Shooting at Moving Vehicles New,Exhaust All Alternatives New,Duty to Intervene New,Comprehensive Reporting New
Albuquerque,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When circumstances allow, in their interaction with subjects, officers should use advisements, warning, verbal persuasion, and other tactics in an attempt to resolve the incident."" O.5. And ""Officers are expected to recognize their approach to citizen interactions may influence whether a situation escalates to the need to use force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Neck holds shall be considered lethal force and are prohibited except where
lethal force is authorized.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states warning ""should be given when feasible""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. All uses of force required to be reported including: ""Show of Force A show of force shall be done only as objectively reasonable to
accomplish a lawful police objective. It shall be reported following the requirements
set forth in SOP 2-54 Use of Force Reporting and Supervisory Force Investigation
Requirements .""",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,545852,0,2016,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Anaheim,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is
reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the
use of such excessive force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds
the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""300.4.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLES
Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of
an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants.
An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer
reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the
vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.
Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,336265,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Anchorage,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall accomplish their duties in a manner that minimizes the need for force and maximizes voluntary compliance. If applied, officers shall use only that level of control which is reasonably necessary and lawful in executing their duties as peace officers. When possible, officers should continue to attempt to gain compliance by means of verbal directives or commands. No employee of the department shall engage in any conduct that could reasonably be expected to unnecessarily escalate a situation__s potential for violence.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing policies that would ban all types of neck restraint, except in circumstances where lethal force is authorized.",0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states officers shall not discharge their weapon ""At or from a moving vehicle unless Deadly Force is authorized. Under no circumstances is a firearm to be used to disable or attempt to disable a vehicle unless specifically authorized by a Command Officer.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,291826,0,2013,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,no
Arlington,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where the circumstances permit, it is the employee's responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount of force, including the police employee's physical presence and verbal skills, before escalating to a more severe application of force.",0,No. Strangle/carotid holds are banned but chokeholds are not.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""An employee has a duty to intervene to prevent or stop the use of excessive force by another employee when it I safe and reasonable to do so.""",1,"Yes. Policy requires officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. Policy states ""Officers will not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle except when the suspect is using deadly force against the officer or others by means other than the vehicle or when all other reasonable means of defense have failed.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When Written Report Required. Unless injury prevents it, before the end of the employee's shift, a Use of Force report will be submitted when an employee: (Re-numbered and Revised 06-01-93)
1. takes an action that results in or is alleged to have resulted in injury or death of another person; (A 1.3.6b.)
2. applies force through the use of: (Revised 06-01-93)
-empty hand control; (A 1.3.6d.)
-drawing a firearm in response to the presence of any subject unless the officer is acting in accordance with general maintenance, storage, or authorized training; (Added 06-18-03) (A 1.3.6d.)
-pointing a firearm at any subject; (A 1.3.6d.)
_Å  handcuffing a person who is released without arrest; (A 1.3.6d.)
_Å  chemical irritant (oleoresin-capsicum spray, CS or CN gas); (A 1.3. 6c.)
_Å  TASER and/or the accidental discharge of a TASER; (A 1.3.6c.) (Added 06-04-04) (Revised 12-18-06)
_Å  impact weapon; (A 1.3.6c.)
_Å  Vascular Neck Restraint; (A 1. 3.6c.)
_Å  discharge of firearm on or off-duty (training and recreation are exempted); (Revised 11-01-97) (A 1.3.6a.)
_Å  diversionary device; (A 1.3.6d.)
_Å  apprehension by dog. (A 1.3.6d.)""",1,"Yes. ""Where the circumstances permit, it is the employee's responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount of force, including the police employee's physical presence and verbal skills, before escalating to a more severe application of force.""
""When police personnel should reasonably perceive that the potential exists that deadly force may be an outcome of any situation, the employee must plan ahead and use reasonable alternatives if time and opportunities permit. ""Reasonable alternatives"" is defined as an action that may be taken by police personnel that may allow the employee to avoid the use of deadly force. The reasonableness of the action is based on the time available, the opportunity of performing the action, and the facts apparent to the employee before and during the incident. This includes the presence of innocent third persons. Planned and supervised hazardous entry situations are recognized as meeting the requirement of reasonable alternatives.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,365438,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (post-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Atlanta,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Warning shots; neck restraints; carotid artery holds; other weaponless control techniques that are not taught or approved by the department due to the potential for serious injury or death; ""unless they are in an emergency situation or under exigent circumstances where it is immediately necessary to use force to prevent serious bodily injury or death and city-issued and/or authorized lethal or less lethal weapons are inoperable, inaccessible, or otherwise not available or effective.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Duty to Intercede Any police officer present and observing another police officer using force that is beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such force. Officers shall immediately report these observations to an on-duty supervisor.""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,No. Policy does not outline a comprehensive ban on shooting at moving vehicles,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,420003,1,2020,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,yes (post-launch),no
Aurora,0,"No. Policy states ""the department has adopted a Less Lethal force philosophy to assist in the de-escalation of potentially violent confrontations."" These forms of force (including Taser, chemical agents, rubber bullets, baton) can be used ""as an alternative to greater force.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""5.8.3 Carotid Control Hold (Prohibited) As of June 9, 2020, members are not authorized to use the carotid control hold,or any choke hold that restricts the airway.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any peace officer who, in the pursuance of law enforcement duties, witnesses another peace officer, in the pursuance of law enforcement duties, use physical force which exceeds the degree of physical force permitted by CRS 18-1-797, must immediately notify a supervisory officer of this use of force.""",1,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members should not discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the member or another person with deadly force by
a means other than the vehicle.""",1,Yes. Policy states officers are required to report all uses of force including intentionally pointing a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. ""They will use such force only when there are strong and compelling reasons and only after all reasonable alternatives have been considered.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,325078,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Austin,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that would ban chokeholds and strangle/carotid holds.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Such officers should also promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""202.1.1: Where feasible, a warning should be given before an officer resorts to deadly force as outlined (a), (b) or (c) above. A specific warning that deadly force will be used is not required by this policy; only that a warning be given if feasible.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it and does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present. Policy states ""202.1.3: (a) Officers shall exercise good judgment and will not place themselves in the path of a moving
vehicle since doing so may increase the likelihood of having to resort to the use of deadly
force.
(b) Unless it reasonably appears that it would endanger officers or the public, officers will move
out of the path of any approaching vehicle.

(d) This is not intended to restrict an officer's right to use deadly force directed at the operator
of a vehicle when it is reasonably perceived that the vehicle is being used as a weapon
against the officer or others.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,790390,0,2015,under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),no,under review,yes (pre-launch),no
Bakersfield,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Duty to Intercede: Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations of a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2017,347483,1,2020,under review,no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,no,yes (pre-launch),under review
Baltimore,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Recognizing that mental illness, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and.or drug addictions, or other health issues can cause individuals to behave erratically, members must try to de-escalate situations and minimize or avoid using force altogether, when possible, to prevent injuries to the subject, the public and the member.""
""Members shall use de-escalation techniques whenever possible and appropriate, before resorting to force and to reduce the need for force. De-escalation techniques may include verbal persuasion, warnings and tactical de-escalation techniques, such as slowing down the pace of an incident, waiting out subjects, creating distance (and thus the reactionary gap) between the member and the threat, and requesting additional resources (e.g., specialized uniteds, mental health care providers, negotiators, etc.) to resolve the incident.""",1,"Yes. Restricts chokeholds and all neck holds to only be authorized as deadly force. 
Chokehold/Neck Hold Ñ A Chokehold or Neck hold is any hold or contact with the neck that may inhibit
breathing by compression of the airway in the neck, may inhibit blood flow by compression of the blood
vessels in the neck, or that applies pressure to the front, side, or back of the neck. Chokeholds/Neck Holds
are prohibited unless the use of Deadly Force/Lethal Force is justified. 
Bans chokeholds but not strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints). ""Choke holds are prohibited unless deadly force is authorized and no reasonable alternative exists.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members have a duty to intercede to prevent the use of excessive force by another member toward any person.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""A member may use deadly force to prevent the escape of a fleeing suspect if an objectively reasonable officer would believe that it is necessary and that there is probable cause to believe that: The officer has given a verbal warning to the suspect, if time, safety, and circumstances permit."" and ""When practical, a member should identify himself/herself as a law enforcement officer and state his/her intention to use deadly force before using a firearm or employing deadly force.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it and does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present. Policy states ""Members shall not fire any weapon from or at a moving vehicle, except: To counter a situation where the officer is unavoidably in the path of the vehicle and cannot move to safety. Officers should avoid positioning themselves in the path of a moving vehicle where they have no option but to use deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states requirement to report all uses of force including ""Pointing a firearm or CEW at an individual""",1,"Yes. ""If at all possible, officers should try to use a less deadly means, bearing in mind that deadly force should be a last resort."" (In Training Guideline Vol. 20, No. 1, Section 5.B)",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,620961,0,2016,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Baton Rouge,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,1,"Yes. Officers will not employ chokeholds or strangleholds, except in emergency circumstances where it is immediately necessary to use deadly force and the authorized weapons are inoperable, inaccessible or otherwise not available. http://www.wafb.com/story/34407935/mayor-broome-reveals-changes-to-brpd-use-of-force-policies",1,Yes. Officers will be required to intervene to prevent another officer from using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are required to give a verbal warning, when possible, before using deadly force.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Employees shall employ deadly force only in defense of their own lives or in defense of the life of another person. It is essential that the employees reasonably believes that he or some other person is in immediate and apparent danger of suffering death or great bodily harm and that the use of deadly force is the only prudent preventative measure available to him.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,229493,0,2017,under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Birmingham,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. New policy states ÒNECK HOLDS PROHIBITED. Law enforcement officers shall not use chokeholds, strangleholds, Lateral Vascular Neck Restraints, Carotid Restraints, chest compressions, or any other tactics that restrict oxygen or blood flow to the head or neck.",1,Yes. New policy currently requires officers to intervene when witnessing a fellow officer,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it. Policy states ""An officer may not discharge a weapon at a moving or fleeing vehicle unless the officer reasonably believes that the officer or some other person is in immediate danger of death or serious bodily injury. The fact that the fleeing or doing vehicle is pending or committed some other traffic violation does not constitute grounds for belief that a serious and immediate danger of death or serious bodily injury exists. An officer will not purposely place themselves in front of a moving vehicle in an attempt to force the vehicle to stop. Shooting at a vehicle trying to hit an officer is prohibited unless the officer has no avenue of escape.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,212037,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,no,no,yes (post-launch),no
Boston,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""As a result of the increased potential for injury, officers shall refrain from utilizing restraint techniques that include squeezing the trachea, windpipe, or throat area to stop a subject from ingesting any controlled substance.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Excessive or unauthorized force is never justified and every officer not only has an affirmative duty to intervene to prevent such violence, but also to report any such instances that may come to their attention.""",1,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving or fleeing vehicle unless the officer or another person is currently being threatened with deadly force by means other than the moving vehicle. For the purposes of this section, the moving vehicle itself shall not constitute the threatened use of deadly force. Therefore, officers shall move out of the path of any oncoming vehicle instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants. Moving to cover, repositioning and/or waiting for additional responding units to gain and maintain a tactically superior police advantage maximizes officer safety and minimizes the necessity for using deadly force.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The discharge of a firearm by a member of the Department is permissible only when:
A. There is no less drastic means available to defend oneself or another from unlawful attack which an officer has reasonable cause to believe could result in death or great bodily injury, or B. There is no less drastic means available to apprehend a fleeing felon when the officer has probable cause to believe that: (1) the subject has committed a felony during the commission of which they inflicted or threatened to inflict deadly force upon the victim, or (2) that there is substantial risk that the felon in question will cause death or great bodily injury if their apprehension is delayed""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2003,617594,1,2020,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no
Buffalo,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The officer shall use verbal techniques to achieve compliance and if those techniques are unsuccessful, is authorized to take physical control of the subject.""",1,"On June 12th 2020, Governor Cuomo signed into law the following ""Establishes the crime of aggravated strangulation for police officers or peace officers where such officer commits the crime of criminal obstruction or breathing or blood circulation, or uses a chokehold or similar restraint, and causes serious physical injury or death.""",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members shall not discharge a firearm or shoulder weapon from or at a moving vehicle or its occupants unless the occupants of the other vehicle are using deadly physical force against you or another person by means other than the vehicle. Members shall not discharge their firearms at or from a moving vehicle when the consequences of so doing will jeopardize the safety of other members of the Department or innocent bystanders.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""B. Physical force shall only be used when no other viable option is available. C. When force is used, only the minimum amount of force that is necessary to overcome the suspect's resistance, shall be employed. D. The use of force must be reasonable and can never be reckless.""
""excessive or unreasonable force shall not be used.""
""Even if the use of deadly physical force is authorized, the Officer may not be reckless in its use. C. Depending upon the circumstances in which they are utilized, the use of the night stick, restraining holds, police vehicles, as well as service firearms, may be construed as the use of deadly physical force.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,261310,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no
Chandler,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When practical, use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and
other tactics/alternatives to higher levels of force in interactions with
subjects
b. EXAMPLE: Withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or
allows greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety
of force options""",0,No. Chokeholds are banned but strangle/carotid holds are not.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""DUTY TO INTERVENE Any officer present and observing another officer using force clearly beyond
what is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a
position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force.
Officers shall promptly report these observations to a supervisor. """,1,"Yes. Policy states ""WHEN FEASIBLE, PRECEDE ANY USE OF DEADLY FORCE BY A VERBAL
WARNING that force will be used if the suspect will not comply. The
warning is unnecessary if it will endanger an officer or take away a
tactical advantage. The officer employing force need not be the officer
giving the warning.""",0,No. Policy does not outline a comprehensive ban on shooting at moving vehicles,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states "" PRECLUSION All other lesser alternatives have been reasonably considered or rejected as ineffective prior to the use of deadly force.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,236123,0,2018,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Charlotte,1,"Yes. Policy states ""In addition and if feasible, officers will attempt to de-escalate the situation through verbal dialogue and commands. """,1,"Yes. New policy states ""Officers will not use the following tactics unless deadly force is reasonably necessary: 1. Any hold with or without a device that restricts a person's airway. 2. Any hold with or without a device that restricts blood flow to a person's brain. 3. Any strike with an impact weapon or object to a person's head or neck.""",1,Yes. Policy requires officers to intervene when witnessing excessive force by another officer.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, an officer will identify him or herself as a police officer and issue a verbal warning before using deadly force. A verbal warning is not required in a split second situation or if the officer reasonably believes that issuing the warning would place the safety of the officer or another person in jeopardy.""",1,"""Yes. New policy states """"Moving Vehicles

1.	When confronted with an oncoming vehicle, an officer will not position him or herself into the path of the vehicle but will take all reasonable steps to move out of the way.

2.	An officer will not discharge his or her firearm at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle except pursuant to written protocol adopted by SWAT and approved by the Chief of Police, or designee.

3.	An officer may discharge his or her firearm at or from a moving vehicle if the officer reasonably believes that no other option is reasonably available if:

a.	Deadly force is being used against the officer or another person by an occupant of the vehicle by use of a weapon other than the vehicle itself. 

b.	The vehicle is being used as a weapon against the officer or another person or group, such as in an act of terrorism.

**Discharging a firearm in this circumstance is never authorized when it is reasonable to believe that the vehicle may contain an innocent passenger or it is reasonably apparent that the vehicle may careen out of control and injure an innocent bystander.""""""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""When an officer removes their service weapon from the holster and/or points it at a person, deploys their department issued shotgun, rifle, or approved backup weapon, or activates any weapon mounted light they will document this by categorizing their BWC video as they normally would for the type of incident. In addition, employees will tag the video with a secondary appropriate category of weapon drawn or Pointing of Firearm. Officers will document in the text box the justification or factors leading to drawing and/or pointing their weapon at a person. If no BWC was activated or required at the time of the incident the officer will document the incident in a KBCOPS report or in a CAD MI notes.""",1,"""Yes. New policy states """"Officers shall resort to the use of deadly force only if the officer reasonably believes that a lower degree of control is not sufficient, practical, or feasible when the officer reasonably believes that it is necessary to defend him or herself or another person from the use or imminent use of deadly physical force.""""""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2020,731424,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch)
Chesapeake,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,"Virginia legislators are currently reviewing a legislative package that would ban chokeholds and carotid holds statewide, to be reviewed on 8/18/20.",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where feasible, officers shall identify themselves and give a verbal warning before shooting at a person.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles when deadly force is not being used against others by means other than the vehicle in some cases. 
Firing or deployment of any weapon at or from any moving vehicle, unless the officer reasonably believes that the vehicle is operated in a manner deliberately intended to strike an officer or citizen, all other means of defense have been exhausted, and the safety of innocent persons would not be unduly jeopardized by the officer’s action.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""To prevent the escape of a fleeing felon whom the officer has probable cause to believe will pose a significant, imminent threat to human life should escape occur. No other reasonable means of capture must be available to the officer in this case without endangering the officer’s life or the life of another person.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,223619,0,2017,no,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),no,no
Chicago,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members will use de-escalation techniques to prevent or reduce the need for force when it is safe and feasible to do so based on the totality of the circumstances. This includes continually assessing the situation and modifying the use of force as circumstances
change and in ways that are consistent with officer safety. Examples of de-escalation techniques include but are not limited to:
a. exercising persuasion and advice, and providing a warning prior to the use of force.
b. determining whether the member may be able to stabilize the situation through the use of time, distance, or positioning to isolate and contain a subject.
c. requesting additional personnel to respond or make use of specialized units or equipment including crisis-intervention-team trained officers.""",1,"Yes. Revised use of force policy adopted February 2020 bans strangleholds (i.e. Carotid Restraints) in addition to chokeholds which had previously been banned in all cases except where deadly force is authorized. Definition of Deadly Force. Deadly force is force by any means that is likely to cause death or great bodily harm. It includes but is not limited to: a. firing of a firearm in the direction of the person to be arrested. b. firing of a firearm at a vehicle in which the person to be arrested is riding. c. intentional striking of a subjectðs head or neck with an impact weapon. d. application of a chokehold (applying direct pressure to a person's trachea (windpipe) or airway (front of the neck) with the intention of reducing the intake of air), carotid artery restraints (techniques that compresses the blood vessels in the neck to inhibit or restrict blood flow to carotid arteries), or other maneuvers for applying direct pressure on a windpipe or airway.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""5.B: Intervention, Notifying Superiors, Supervisory Intervention. A Department member who directly observes a use of force that is excessive or otherwise in violation of this directive will contact a supervisor as soon as practicable. Except in extraordinary circumstances, the member will act to intervene on the subject's behalf. Such action will include, but is not limited to, verbally intervening to try to stop the violation. If the member is a supervisor, he or she will issue a direct order to stop the violations""",1,"Yes. Policy states officers are required to ""issue a verbal warning prior to, during, and after the discharge of a firearm.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,Yes. Policy states all uses of force are now required to be reported (as of a new policy adopted in October 2019).,1,"Yes. Officers only allowed to use deadly force as a last resort when necessary and proportional to the threat. 
""The use of deadly force is a last resort that is permissible only when necessary to protect against an imminent threat to life or to prevent great bodily harm to the member or
another person. Consistent with this requirement, a sworn Department member may use deadly force only when such force is necessary to prevent:
a. death or great bodily harm from an imminent threat posed to the sworn member or to another person.
b. an arrest from being defeated by resistance or escape, where the person to be arrested poses an imminent threat of death or great bodily harm to a sworn member or another person unless arrested without delay.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2020,2695598,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Chula Vista,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is
reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the
use of such excessive force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds
the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""An officer may use deadly force to stop a fleeing subject when the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed, or intends to commit, a felony involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily injury or death, and the officer reasonably believes that there is an imminent risk of serious bodily injury or death to any other person if the subject is not immediately apprehended. Under such circumstances, a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""300.6.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLES
Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of
an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants.
An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer
reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the
vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.
Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2014,243916,0,2014,under review,no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Cincinnati,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When officers are confronted with a situation where control is required to effect an arrest or protect the publică�s safety, officers should attempt to achieve control through advice, warnings, and persuasion.
The suspect should be allowed to submit to arrest before force is used unless this causes unnecessary danger to the officer or others.
When officers have a right to make an arrest, they may use whatever force is reasonably necessary to apprehend the offender or effect the arrest and no more. Just as officers must be prepared to respond appropriately to rising levels of resistance, they must likewise be prepared to promptly de-escalate the use of force as the subject de-escalates or comes under police control.""",1,"Yes. Policy restricts both chokeholds and carotid restraints, to be authorized only as deadly force.
",1,"Yes. Policy states ""An officer has a duty to intervene to stop, prevent and report the use of excessive force by
another officer when it safe and reasonable to do so.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If possible, the officer will give verbal warning before using the firearm""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Moving Vehicles: Officers shall not discharge their firearms at a moving vehicle or its occupants unless the occupants are using deadly physical force against the officer or another person present, by means other than the vehicle.""",1,Yes. New policy states officers are required to report when aiming or drawing a weapon at someone.,1,"Yes. ""Respect for human life requires that police officers exhaust all other reasonable means before resorting to the use of firearms and then only when an officer reasonably believes that such use of firearms is necessary to protect the officer or another from the risk of serious physical harm or loss of life.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,296943,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch)
Cleveland,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members shall factor into their response their ability to de-escalate the use of force...If reasonably able to do so, the member shall intervene physically to de-escalate the application of force."" p. 4; ""Members shall first attempt verbal persuasion tactics and warnings to gain the person's cooperation. If verbal persuasion and warnings do not gain compliance, members shall obtain assistance to gain the person's cooperation through a show of force. If a show of force does not gain compliance, the member shall use physical holds..Members shall consider alternative tactics to the use of force, which include, but are not limited to...Voice commands and other verbal attempts to de-escalate the situation."" p. 4-5.",1,"Yes. Policy defines ""any action that restricts the blood or oxygen flow through the neck"" as deadly force.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members of the Division of Police have a duty to act if the use of force against a person by any law enforcement officer clearly becomes excessive or objectively unreasonable...The member shall...report witnessed suspected excessive use of force to the next non-involved supervisor in their chain of command before reporting off duty."" (p. 3-4)",1,"Yes. Policy states ""where feasible, some warning has been given,"" and ""Where feasible, and to do so would not increase the danger to officers or others, officers shall issue a verbal warning to submit to their authority prior to the use of force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall not discharge any firearm at or from a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used against the police officer or another person present by means other than the moving vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,396815,0,2018,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no
Colorado Springs,0,"No. Officers not required to de-escalate when possible, though the use of force policy does include de-escalation training.",1,"Yes. New policy states ""B.Choke holds and vascular neck restraints are prohibited.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law must promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible prior to the use of force, an officer shall identify himself or herself as a law enforcement officer and warn of his/her intent to use force.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it. Policy states "" Firearms may only be discharged at a moving vehicle if the officer is authorized to use
deadly force pursuant to section .10 of this policy. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an
officer's use of deadly force. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle shall move
out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants, unless there is
no way to move out of the path of the oncoming vehicle.""",1,"Yes. Policy states reportable uses of force include ""Pointing a Firearm: The officer points a firearm at a person.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2017,464113,1,2020,no,no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Columbus,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When reasonable, sworn personnel should try to de-escalate a situation by using trained techniques, such as building rapport, communication skills, taking cover, etc. This is not an all inclusive list.""",1,"Yes. Policy bans chokeholds and carotid restraints unless in deadly force situation: ""However, during a situation involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, the use of an untrained response (e.g., neck restraints), while not normally authorized, may be reasonable to end the threat and survive the encounter.""",1,Yes. Policy requires officers to intervene when witnessing excessive force by another officer.,1,"Yes.Policy states ""If reasonable, sworn personnel should give a verbal warning of the intention to use deadly force.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. ""Sworn personnel may only fire a weapon at the driver or occupant of a moving vehicle when there is an articulable, reasonable belief that the subject poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical harm to himself, herself, or others.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,787033,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (post-launch),no
Corpus Christi,1,"Yes. Policy states ""It is the officers responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount of force necessary:
(a) Professional Presence- Entering a scene
(b) Verbal Communications- Dialogue
(c) Weaponless Strategies- Soft-Escorts, Takedowns, Come-a-longs, etc. Hard- Punches,
Kicks, etc.
(d) Intermediate Weapons- O.C. (Pepper) Spray, Taser, Baton or Impact weapons
(e) Deadly Force-Any force in the manner of its use that is capable of causing death or serious
bodily injury.""",1,"Yes. Policy states chokeholds and strangleholds are both considered deadly force, since they both induce unconsciousness. ""The use of a choke hold calculated to induce immediate unconsciousness is deadly force;""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""200.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which
is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede
to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force
that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to a
supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, a warning shall be given to the offender prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""From a moving vehicle or at a moving vehicle unless immediately necessary to protect the officer or another from death or serious bodily injury;""
""Officers may only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle when:
i. There is imminent danger of serious bodily injury to the officer or another
person and;
ii. No other reasonable means are available at that time to avoid or eliminate
the danger.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers may use deadly force when immediately necessary to protect themselves or another person from death or serious bodily injury. It shall be incumbent on every officer to exhaust every reasonable means of employing the least amount of force to accomplish the purpose.""
""Under no circumstances will the force used be greater than necessary and in no instance will deadly force be used other than as a last resort and only in the situations stated in 200.4.2 of this chapter.""
""Employees who use non-deadly force shall use the minimum force necessary.""
""It is the officers responsibility to first exhaust every reasonable means of employing the minimum amount
of force necessary:
(a) Professional Presence- Entering a scene
(b) Verbal Communications- Dialogue
(c) Weaponless Strategies- Soft-Escorts, Takedowns, Come-a-longs, etc. Hard- Punches,
Kicks, etc.
(d) Intermediate Weapons- O.C. (Pepper) Spray, Taser, Baton or Impact weapons
(e) Deadly Force-Any force in the manner of its use that is capable of causing death or serious
bodily injury.""",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2014,305215,0,2014,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Dallas,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where there is no apparent need to take a suspect into immediate physical custody, officers should utilize tactics
designed to de-escalate the situation and facilitate a safer resolution whenever reasonably possible. The use of
delaying tactics in order to obtain more favorable physical cover and additional officer presence is encouraged, as
long as the safety of the officer, citizens, and subject is not compromised in doing so.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Effective August 4, 2004, the lateral vascular neck restraint, or any other force that is intended to restrict a personÕs airway or blood flow to the brain, is no longer a part of the DepartmentÕs use of force continuum and is not authorized. An exception to the use of the LVNR or any other means of defense is a deadly force situation.""",1,Yes. New policy currently requires officers to intervene when witnessing a fellow officer,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Verbal Warning Ð Before using deadly force, if feasible, officers shall identify themselves as peace officers and audibly command the subject to submit to their authority or deadly force may be used.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Discharging firearms at a moving or fleeing vehicle is prohibited unless: it is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily injury to the officer or another person.

a.     Deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle); or,

b.     The vehicle is being used as a weapon to inflict mass causalities (e.g. a truck driving through a crowd).

2.     Officers will not voluntarily place themselves in a position in front of an oncoming vehicle where deadly force is a probable outcome.

3.     When confronting an oncoming vehicle, officers will move out of its path, if possible, rather than fire at the vehicle.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any Response to Resistance that is Soft Empty Hand Control or above on the Response Continuum, with the exception of
Compliant Handcuffing"" only. This will include, but not be limited to the following:
1. All takedowns, pressure points, joint locks
2. Any use of Oleoresin Capsicum Chemical Spray.
3. Any deployment of the Pepperball System.
4. Personal weapons such as hands and feet.
5. Any use of the baton or any other type of instrument that is used as an impact weapon.
6. Any use of an Electronic Control Weapon (Taser). This includes accidental discharges of the Taser.
7. The deployment of a firearm which is pointed directly at any individual. This will NOT include when any firearm
is deployed as part of a warrant process or felony stop.""",1,"Yes. ""Deadly force will be used with great restraint and as a last resort only when the level of resistance warrants the use of deadly force.""
""At the point when an officer should reasonably perceive the potential exists that deadly force may be an outcome of any situation, the officer must use reasonable alternatives if time and opportunities permit. The reasonableness of the action is based upon the time available, the opportunity of performing the action, and the facts apparent to the officer prior to and during the incident.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,1197816,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Denver,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers may either escalate or de-escalate the use of force as the situation progresses or circumstances change. Officers should recognize that their conduct immediately connected to the use of force may be a factor which can influence the level of force necessary in a given situation. When reasonable under the totality of circumstances, officers should use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics and recognize that an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows an officer greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options. When a suspect is under control, either through the application of physical restraint or the suspect's compliance, the degree of force should be de-escalated accordingly.""",1,"Yes. Policy states""Unless engaged in a lethal force encounter, officers will not:
- Apply direct pressure to an individual's trachea or airway with the intention to reduce the intake of air (e.g., apply a chokehold)
- Apply direct pressure to an individual's neck with the intention to restrict or slow the blood flow within the carotid arteries (carotid compression technique)""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When reasonably possible, considering the totality of circumstances, officers will act to intervene whenever they witness inappropriate force and/or mistreatment of arrestees, suspects, or other persons. Such Action will include, but is not limited to, verbally intervening to stop the violation.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""105.05.3: When feasible, it is necessary, to give some warning before engaging in the use of deadly force. If possible, identify yourself as a police officer, give the command you want followed, and state your intention to shoot.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving or fleeing vehicle unless deadly force is being used against the police officer or another person present by means other than the moving vehicle.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Incidents where an officer intentionally points any firearm at a person and no other force-related incident occurs are reported on a Firearm No Discharge (DPD 12f).""",1,"Yes. ""With these values in mind, an officer shall use only that degree of force necessary and reasonable under the circumstances. An officer may use deadly force in the circumstances permitted by this policy when all reasonable alternatives appear impracticable and the officer reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary. Officers should ensure that they do not engage in unreasonable actions that precipitate the use of force as a result of tactical, strategic, and procedural errors that place themselves or others in jeopardy. The reasonableness of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight. The calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments, in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving, about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation. The reasonableness inquiry in an excessive force case is an objective one; the question is whether the officersă� actions are objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation."" p. 105-1
""STATE STATUTES
a. C.R.S. _18-1-707 states in the pertinent part: Use of physical force in making an arrest or in preventing an escape:
1. ""(1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, a peace officer is justified in using reasonable and appropriate physical force upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes it necessary:
a. To effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody of an arrested person unless he knows that the arrest is unauthorized; or
b. To defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of physical force while effecting or attempting to affect such an arrest or while preventing or attempting to prevent such an escape.
2. A peace officer is justified in using deadly physical force upon another person for a purpose specified in subsection (1) of this section only when he reasonably believes that it is necessary:
a. To defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of deadly physical force; or
b. To affect an arrest or prevent the escape from custody, of a person whom he reasonably believes:
1. Has committed or attempted to commit a felony involving the use or threatened use of a deadly weapon; or
2. Is attempting to escape by the use of a deadly weapon; or
3. Otherwise indicates, except through a motor vehicle violation, that he is likely to endanger human life or to inflict serious bodily injury to another unless apprehended without delay. (The Denver Police Department policy on use of deadly force in this situation is more restrictive than state law _ see OMS 105.05(5).
...
4. For the purposes of this section a reasonable belief that a person has committed an offense means a reasonable belief in facts or circumstances which if true would in law constitute an offense. If the believed facts and circumstances would not in law constitute an offense, an erroneous though not unreasonable belief that the law is otherwise does not render justifiable the use of force to make an arrest or to prevent an escape from custody. A peace officer who is affecting an arrest pursuant to a warrant is justified in using the physical force prescribed in subsection (1) and (2) of this section unless the warrant is invalid and is known by the officer to be invalid.""
b. The community expects and the Denver Police Department requires that peace officers use only the force necessary to perform their duties. The level of force applied must reflect the totality of circumstances surrounding the immediate situation. The officer need only select a level of force that is necessary and within the range of _objectively reasonable options. Officers must rely on training, experience and assessment of the situation to decide an appropriate level of force to be applied. Reasonable and sound judgment will dictate the force option to be employed."" p. 105-2 & 105-3",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,600158,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch)
Detroit,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,1,"Yes. ""The following neck restraints are prohibited except where deadly force is authorized:
1. Carotid submission hold;
2. A hold which interrupts the bloodă�s flow to the brain;
3. A _sleeper hold that can result in a person losing consciousness and/or death;
4. Bent arm submission hold/Hammer lock carotid hold. This hold restricts airflow to
the trachea and can result in a loss of consciousness and/or death; and
5. All other chokeholds. """,0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, officers shall identify themselves and state their intention to shoot before using a firearm.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force or serious bodily injury.
Officers shall not knowingly place themselves into the path of a moving vehicle or
into the likely path of a vehicle that is currently stopped but is under the immediate
control of a driver. When feasible, officers should attempt to move out of the path
of any moving vehicle to a position of cover. Officers shall not discharge their
weapon except in instances where the officeră�s life or life of others is in immediate
peril and there is no reasonable or apparent means of avoiding the threat. """,0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",1,"Yes. ""Deadly force is not authorized if less lethal force could reasonably be used to prevent the escape of a dangerous fleeing subject, or a subject fleeing from a violent felony crime.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,713777,0,2014,under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review
Durham,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The use of force should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective.""",0,On 6/09/20 Governor Roy Cooper issued an Executive Order requiring all North Carolina law enforcement agencies review their Use of Force policies.,1,"Yes. New policy states ""Officers have a duty to intervene to prevent or stop excessive force if witnessed. Further, any officer who witnesses excessive force shall promptly report said conduct to their chain of command.Officers who report excessive force actions are protected against retaliation in accordance with HRM-708-2 Anti-Harassment Policy""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Firing at moving vehicles is prohibited except in those situations where the immediate probability of serious injury or death exists for the officer(s) and/or an innocent third party. Officers must reasonably believe that the only means of protecting themselves or a third party in this situation is the use of deadly force.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,228330,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,no,no,no,yes (post-launch),no
El Paso,0,No. Officers not required to de-escalate when possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, an officer should give a verbal warning before using any force including deadly force.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it and does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present. Policy states officers may not shoot ""at the driver of a moving vehicle or at the vehicle itself unless the officer or another is in immediate danger of being struck by the vehicle and, in the case of an officer, the officer reasonably believes that no other means of escape or evasive action is available.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers will select the least violent means relative to the situation.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,1999,650604,0,1999,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,no
Fort Wayne,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering banning police from using chokeholds, hogtying and other methods of restraint that would place weight on an individualÕs head, face, neck, chest or back. Introduced by Councilman Kenyatta Johnson.",0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Before using a firearm, police officers shall identify themselves and state their intent to shoot, when tactically feasible.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Every time force is used to subdue or control a subject through the use of a baton, physical force, pointing a weapon, or employment of a Chemical Agent, this Template is to be completed in full.""",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,253691,0,2018,under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,under review,yes (pre-launch)
Fort Worth,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When safely possible, an officer shall use de-escalation techniques consistent with
department training whenever possible and appropriate before resorting to force and to
reduce the need for force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are prohibited from using choke holds and other types of neck-restraining techniques except when protecting themselves or others against an imminent threat of serious bodily and death.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers have the duty to intervene when observing another officer using force that is
beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If not already known by the subject to be detained, arrested, or searched, officers should, if
reasonable, make clear their intent to detain, arrest or search the subject. When practicable,
officers will identify themselves as a peace officer before using force""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""4. Officers shall not fire a weapon into a moving vehicle or at its occupant(s) unless the
occupant(s) are using deadly force against the officer or another person present, by means
other than the vehicle.
5. Officers shall not place themselves in the path of a moving vehicle in a manner which
may lead to the use of deadly force. If a confrontation with a moving vehicle does occur,
officers shall move out of the path of the vehicle.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,741206,0,2017,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review
Fremont,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which
is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede
to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force
that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to a
supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, when possible.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""300.6.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLES
Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of
an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants.
An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer
reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the
vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.
Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2014,214089,1,2020,no,no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Fresno,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. ""The Fresno Police Department is directed to immediately (06/09/2020) discontinue use of carotid restraint unless such use is for the preservation of life or to prevent serious bodily injury. The Department shall not use choke holds or strangle holds for any reason.",1,"Yes. Policy states "" DUTY TO INTERCEDE:
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which
is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede
to prevent the use of unreasonable force""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall, when practical, identify themselves and state their intention to shoot before using a firearm.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Shooting at or from moving vehicles is rarely effective and can be hazardous to both innocent persons and officers. Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle or its occupants unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle itself. Members shall employ all reasonable means available to move to an area of safety if a vehicle becomes a threat, including retreating from the threat if necessary.Department members shall avoid maneuvering into the path of an occupied vehicle and shall move out of the path of a moving vehicle rather than attempt to fire at the vehicle or its occupants.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2016,494665,1,2020,no,no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no
Garland,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The Lateral Vascular Neck Restraint (LVNR) shall not be used as an apprehension technique except as described below. LVNR shall only be used by members of this department to defend the officer or another person to the extent the member reasonably believes that is immediately necessary to: prevent Serious Bodily injury or Death of the employee or another person, or prevent the escape of a fleeing violent felon who the officer has probable cause to believe will pose a significant threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officers or others.""",0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, a police officer should give some warning regarding the possible use of deadly force prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2017,226876,0,2017,no,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,no,under review,no
Glendale,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,No.,0,No. Policy does not contain specific restrictions on shooting at moving vehicles.,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""It is the philosophy of the department to use deadly physical force only to overcome an attack, which could produce serious physical injury or death to the employee or to another person, where no other means are reasonably available to overcome the attacker.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2012,226721,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,yes (pre-launch),no,no
Greensboro,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The use of force should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective.""",0,On 6/09/20 Governor Roy Cooper issued an Executive Order requiring all North Carolina law enforcement agencies review their Use of Force policies.,1,Yes. New policy requires officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,No. Policy does not outline a comprehensive ban on shooting at moving vehicles.,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2015,269666,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),no,under review,no,no,no,yes (post-launch),no
Henderson,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When reasonable, based on the totality of circumstances, officers shall use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics and recognize that an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows an officer greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options. In the spirit of using verbal commands as a reasonable force option in an attempt to de-escalate or defuse a situation, occasional aggressive language could be deemed reasonable if needed and that language is used in context to control a situation.""",1,"Yes. Statewide law prohibits the use of neck restraints that restrict airflow or blood flow to the head, except in cases where deadly force is warranted.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer that is a witness to another officer using force that may be excessive, unnecessary or is clearly beyond the force that is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when safe and in the position to do so, intervene to prevent the use of that force. A sworn police officer who witnesses such force, that he/she knows by training and experience to be excessive or unnecessary, by another officer should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,Yes. New policy adopted in 2020 requiring warning before shooting.,0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it. Policy states ""An Officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes that he/she, another officer or any other person is in imminent danger due to the facts and circumstances known to the officer, and there are no other reasonable means available to stop the deadly threat of the driver/vehicle or if the occupants of that vehicle pose a deadly threat to officers or others.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""In consideration of employing deadly force utilizing the calculus for Objective Reasonableness, members may use deadly force to apprehend a fleeing felon ONLY when every other reasonable means of effecting the arrest or preventing the escape has been exhausted AND,
-The suspect fleeing poses an immediate threat of death or serious bodily harm to the member or others; OR
-There is probable cause to believe the crime committed or attempted was a violent felony, which involved an actual or threatened attack which could result in death or serious bodily harm; AND
-There is probable cause to believe the person fleeing committed or attempted to commit the crime, AND
-Failure to immediately apprehend the person places a member or the public in immediate danger of death or serious bodily injury; AND
_ The lives of innocent persons will not be endangered if deadly force is used.
Additionally, in the Detention Center, use of non-deadly force is justifiable to protect property, control offenders and to do involuntary Blood Draws by a nurse for DUI's when required by state law.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,257729,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Hialeah,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Strangle/carotid holds are banned but chokeholds are not.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Hialeah Police Officers have an affirmative duty to refrain from using excessive force as well as to prevent others from using excessive force.""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,No. Policy does not contain restrictions on shooting at moving vehicles.,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2010,225498,0,2010,no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Honolulu,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,Yes. Honolulu policy prohibits chokeholds and Police Chief Susan Ballard banned the use of carotid holds in June 2020.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall, when practicable, give voice directions to elicit voluntary compliance before, during, and after any use of force.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. Policy states ""A firearm shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless the operator and/or occupant(s)of the vehicle pose an immediate threat of deathor serious bodily injury and/or are attempting to use deadly force against the officer or other(s).""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""The following are examples of when a use of force
report shall be submitted with the investigative
report. This list is not intended to be
all-inclusive.
1. Discharge of a firearm (e.g., handgun, rifle,
shotgun, etc.).
2. Display of a firearm toward a person or to
coerce a person into submission with a firearm
being exhibited.
3. Discharge of a 40mm/37mm/12-gauge shotgun with
less-lethal munitions.
4. Display of a 40mm/37mm/12-gauge shotgun with
less-lethal munitions toward a person or to
coerce a person into submission with a weapon
being exhibited.
5. Use or attempted use of the vascular neck
restraint.
6. Use or display of a baton ""at ready.""
7. Discharge of a chemical agent in the direction
of a person.
8. When there is an injury or complaint of injury
resulting from guiding, holding, directing, or
handcuffing an individual.
9. Any deployment of the electric gun.
10. Discharge of a Pepperball launcher.
11. Display of a Pepperball launcher toward a person
or to coerce a person into submission with a
weapon being exhibited.Ó",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,337256,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,yes (pre-launch)
Houston,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Police officers shall not use neck restraints or carotid artery holds, also known as choke holds, whether by using an object or a body part, unless the officer has an objectively reasonable belief that it is necessary to prevent imminent serious bodily injury or death to the officer or others. Officers shall not place their knee, foot, or body weight on the neck of a suspect to control or contain the suspectÕs movements.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any employee present and observing another employee using force that is beyond that which is reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such force. Employees shall immediately report these observations to an on-duty supervisor.""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. Policy states officers are required to report when ""any one of the following occurs: a firearm 1) it is pointed at a person; 2) intentionally discharged, except when the discharge is directed toward an animal and it does not result in bodily injury to any person; 3) accidentally discharged and it results in bodily injury to any person.""",1,"Yes. New policy states officers must ""exhaust all other reasonably available alternatives, such as, without limitation, issuing a verbal warning when possible prior to the use of deadly force.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,2099451,1,2020,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,under review,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Indianapolis,1,"Yes. The new policy explicitlyÊoutlines the use of de-escalation tactics such as communication, time, and distance and requires that officers attempt to de-escalate situations with the goal of resolving encounters without the use of force whenever feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Police officers are prohibited from utilizing the Lateral Vascular Neck Restraint (LVNR), choke hold,
and/or any other similar neck restraint that restricts breathing or circulation.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers have a duty to intervene to prevent or stop the use of excessive force by another officer, when
it is safe and reasonable to do so.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""B) However an officer is justified in using deadly force only if the officer: (1) Has probable cause to believe that that deadly force is necessary: (A) To prevent the commission of a forcible felony; or (B) To effect an arrest of a person who the officer has probable cause to believe poses a threat of serious bodily injury to the officer or a third person; and (2) Has given a warning, if feasible, to the person against whom the deadly force is to be used.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2012,820445,1,2020,yes (post-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,no,yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch)
Irvine,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Duty to Intercede: Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly
beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do
so, intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Such officers should also report these observations to a supervisor without delay.""",1,"Yes.Policy states ""A verbal warning should be given where it is practical under the circumstances.""",0,"No. Use of policy language is passive, and therefore does not establish clear requirements (e.g. ""officers should.."" rather than ""officers shall/must..""). The policy states ""Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants. An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others. Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""
",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2012,212375,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Irving,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""The use of a firearm at or from a moving vehicle is authorized if the officer reasonably believes that deadly force is immediately necessary to protect his life or the life of another.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are required to report to their immediate supervisor the following events…Displaying a firearm in the presence of anyone with the intent to gain compliance.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2016,216290,0,2016,no,no,no,no,no,no,no,yes (pre-launch)
Jacksonville,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. Policy prohibits all ""tactical neck restraints""",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy requires officers to warn of deadly force, when feasible.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,821784,0,2014,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,no
Jersey City,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. On June 5, 2020, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced that the state will ban police departments from using chokeholds and similar neck and carotid restraints.",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, an officer should identify himself/herself and state his/her intention to shoot before using a firearm.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles that pose an ""imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or another person.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""An officer shall not resort to the use of deadly force if the officer reasonably believes that an alternative to the use of deadly force will avert or eliminate an imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm, and achieve the law enforcement purpose at no increased risk to the officer or another person.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,248599,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,no
"Kansas City, MO",0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,No. Policy does not outline a comprehensive ban on shooting at moving vehicles,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2013,459787,0,2013,no,no,no,no,no,no,no,no
Laredo,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. Laredo Police Chief Claudio Trevi–o issued a special order on Monday (06/15/20) amending LPD's policy to prohibit officers' use of chokeholds when detaining a subject, unless as a last resort Ñ that it is the only means of protecting themselves or another from imminent threat of harm or death. This is effective immediately.",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""a verbal warning, where practical, has been given.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. ""Officers shall not fire at moving vehicles except in self-defense, the defense of another police officer, or of another person.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""An officer may use deadly force to protect himself or others from what he reasonably believes to be an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury"" when ""the action is necessary to prevent escape and all other means of apprehension have been exhausted or they would obviously be unsuccessful if attempted""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,Unknown,236091,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,no
Las Vegas,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Policing requires that at times an officer must exercise control of a violent or resisting subject to make an arrest, or to protect the officer, other officers, or members of the community from risk of imminent harm. Clearly, not every potential violent confrontation can be de-escalated, but officers do have the ability to impact the direction and the outcome of many situations they handle, based on their decision-making and the tactics they choose to employ.
When reasonable under the totality of circumstances, officers should gather information about the incident, assess the risks, assemble resources, attempt to slow momentum, and communicate and coordinate a response. In their interaction with subjects, officers should use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics and alternatives to higher levels of force. Officers should recognize that they may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows them greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of Force Options. Officers shall perform their work in a manner that avoids unduly jeopardizing their own safety or the safety of others through poor tactical decisions.""",1,"Yes. Statewide law prohibits the use of neck restraints that restrict airflow or blood flow to the head, except in cases where deadly force is warranted.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that
which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do
so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force. Officers shall promptly
report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states "" Officers will give some warning, if feasible, prior to the use of deadly force.
Example: _Police! Stop or I will shoot!""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Shooting at a moving vehicle is often ineffective and unpredictable. In addition, incapacitating the driver may result in the uncontrolled operation of the vehicle and thereby increase the potential of injury to bystanders. There is also a greater risk of a bullet missing the intended target or ricocheting. As a fleeing vehicle creates distance from an officer, it becomes more difficult to isolate the target and identify backdrop hazards. Officers will use sound tactics and will not place themselves into the path of a moving vehicle or remain standing in the path of a vehicle that is under control of a driver. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle will make every effort to move out of the way. Officers will not discharge their firearm at a moving vehicle unless: a. A person in the vehicle is an imminent deadly threat to officers or others by means other than the vehicle (such as an occupantfiring a handgun at an officer). b.The driver is using the vehicle as a weapon to inflict mass causalities (suchas a truck driving through a crowd).""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,Unknown,2027868,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Lexington,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle.Policy states ""Officers shall not shoot from, or at, a moving or stationary vehicle, except in extraordinary circumstances when it is necessary to return or initiate gunfire to protect human life (the officer and/or another person), where no other viable option is available, and when it does not create an unreasonable risk of harm to innocent persons.""",1,"Yes. Policy states officers are required to report anytime s/he ""Points a firearm at another person""",1,"Yes. It shall be the policy of the Lexington Police Department for officers to use the objectively reasonable amount of force necessary in the control and apprehension of a subject.
""At all times the officer should bear in mind the legal principle of ""lesser force"", in any apprehension, felony or misdemeanor, and use only the force necessary to affect lawful objectives.""
""An officer may use deadly force only when the officer reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including the officer's own life, or in defense of a person in immediate danger of serious physical injury.""
""Deadly force may be used in those instances where, in the officer's judgement, there exists an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury to him/herself or another and no viable alternative exists by which the threat can be removed or reduced.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,,295803,0,,no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch)
Lincoln,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are expected to use de-escalation strategies, when possible, in order to minimize the need for the use of control techniques.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Chokeholds and strangleholds shall be banned, except in cases where lethal force is authorized.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When in a position to do so, officers shall intervene when another officer is using unreasonable or excessive force. 1.2. Officers shall promptly report any excessive. force or control and the efforts to intervene to a supervisor.""",1,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Reportable Force For reporting purposes, the following are considered use of force incidents requiring a report: The pointing of a firearm at a person to gain compliance.""",1,"Yes. ""Officers will use only that force which is reasonable and necessary under the circumstances as they know them to be. Officers may use lethal force only when the officer reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including the officer's own life, or in defense of any person in imminent danger of serious bodily harm. In no case shall an officer discharge a firearm until all other reasonable means have been exhausted or would be clearly ineffective.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,258379,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch)
Long Beach,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,1,"Yes. Per the Long Beach PD ""The Department is updating its use of force policy language to expressly prohibit all types of Òchoke holdsÓ and is also immediately suspending the use of the carotid restraint, which restricts blood flow, as an authorized restraint hold. As part of this policy update, the department will gather, review, and evaluate regional data and science associated with the use of the carotid restraint as a control technique.""",0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, a suspect will be warned prior to any use of force that is reasonably likely to cause serious injury.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",1,"Yes. Use of Force Policy states that: ""Firearms shall be regarded as defensive weapons and shall be used by an officer only in the absence of reasonable alternatives and the presence of one or more of the following compelling circumstances""",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a Use of Force continuum or Matrix.,2015,462608,1,2020,under review,under review,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review
Los Angeles,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall attempt to control an incident by using time, distance, communications, and available resources in an effort to de-escalate the situation, whenever it is safe and reasonable to do so.""",1,"Yes. LAPD previously banned chokeholds in all cases and banned strangleholds except for cases when deadly force is authorized. In June, the Police Commission and Police Chief announced a temporary ban on all strangleholds as well.
Sources: http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/2014/12/10/why-many-large-police-departments-tolerate-their-officers-using-neck-holds
http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-chokehold-20141210-story.html
https://www.insider.com/lapd-to-temporarily-ban-the-training-and-use-of-chokeholds-2020-6",1,"Yes. Policy requires that when an employee, at any level, becomes aware of possible misconduct by another member of this Department, the employee shall immediately report the incident to a supervisor or directly to Internal Affairs Group. Furthermore, an employee who observes serious misconduct shall take appropriate action to cause the misconduct to immediately cease. The fact that a supervisor is present and not taking appropriate action to stop the misconduct does not relieve other employees present from this obligation.",1,"Yes. Policy requires officers warn of deadly force, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officers use of deadly force. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle shall move out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Any drawing and exhibiting of a firearm shall conform
with this policy on the use of firearms. Moreover, any
intentional pointing of a firearm at a person by an officer shall
be reported. Such reporting will be published in the Department's
year-end use of force report.""


",1,"Yes. New policy states ""In addition to California Penal Code 835(a), the Department shall evaluate whether deadly force was necessary by looking at: a) the totality of the circumstances from the perspective of a reasonable Los Angeles Police Officer with similar training and experience; b) the factors used to evaluate whether force is objectively reasonable; c) an evaluation of whether the officer exhausted the available and feasible alternatives to deadly force; and d) whether a warning was feasible and/or given.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2020,3792621,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch)
Louisville,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are sometimes confronted with situations where control must be exercised to affect arrests and to 
protect public safety. Control may be achieved through advice, persuasion, warnings or by the use of physical
force. While the use of reasonable physical force may be necessary in situations that cannot be otherwise 
controlled, force may not be resorted to unless other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or would 
reasonably be ineffective under the particular circumstances (KACP 1.3a).""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Officers should not put weight on a personÕs back or head, such as with their knees or arms, for a prolonged period of time. Due to the increased risk of injury, officers should avoid placing weight on a personÕs neck. Choking techniques (i.e. vascular restraints), even if applied appropriately, may cause a risk of death or serious physical injury, because they may restrict the flow of blood or oxygen to a personÕs brain. Choking techniques are only an approved force option in a situation where the use of deadly force would be allowed.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""All officers should act to prevent or stop any member or assignment from using unlawful or excessive force. Intervention maybe verbal and/or physical. Officers should immediately report any incidents of unlawful or excessive force to their supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, verbal warnings shall be given before the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Officers shall not shoot from, or at, a moving vehicle, unless it is necessary to return gunfire to protect human
life and when it does not create an unreasonable risk of harm to innocent persons.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are sometimes confronted with situations where control must be exercised to affect arrests and to protect public safety. Control may be achieved through advice, persuasion, warnings or by the use of physical force. While the use of reasonable physical force may be necessary in situations that cannot be otherwise controlled, force may not be resorted to unless other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or would reasonably be ineffective under the particular circumstances (KACP 1.3a)."" 
""Deadly force, as with all uses of force, may not be resorted to unless other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted, would clearly be ineffective or exigent circumstances exist.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,597337,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no
Lubbock,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Chokeholds are banned but strangle/carotid holds are not.,1,"Yes. Policy mandates every officer has a duty to intervene to prevent or stop the use of excessive force by another officer, and notes the discontinuation of physical force when resistance ceases or the incident is under control.",1,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy mandates firearms not be discharged at moving vehicles unless authorized by a supervisor. A supervisor shall authorize this to damage radiators or tire walls to stop a pursuit, a person in the vehicle is threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle itself, or the vehicle is operated in a manner deliberately intended to strike an officer or another person. On that last point, all other reasonable means of defense must have been exhausted, which includes the officer simply moving out of the path of the vehicle, if possible, in lieu of firing at it.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""LPD officers will only use that force reasonably necessary to effectively bring an incident under control""

""Officers will attempt all those reasonable means of apprehension and control within their command before resorting to deadly force.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,229573,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no
Madison,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When safe and feasible under the totality of circumstances, officers should attempt to slow
down or stabilize the situation so that more time, options and resources are available for
incident resolution. Officers should utilize appropriate tactical and officer safety principles to
avoid unreasonably placing themselves at risk.
Examples of De-escalation could include, but are not limited to:
- Placing barriers between an uncooperative subject and an officer
- Containing a threat
- Moving from a position that exposes officers to potential threats to a safer position
- Decreasing the exposure to potential threat by using
- Back-up
- Distance/time
- Cover/concealment
- Communication from a safe position intended to gain the subjectÕs compliance, using
dialogue
- Any other tactics and approaches that attempt to achieve law enforcement objectives.""",0,"No. Carotid holds are prohibitted, but chokeholds are not.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using excessive force, or engaged in unlawful conduct, or in violation of the Madison Police DepartmentÕs Code of Conduct has an affirmative obligation to intercede and report.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Before using deadly force, officer shall, if reasonably possible, identify themselves and order the suspect to desist from unlawful activity.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to only those situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. Allows shooting at vehicles if they're operated in a manner ""deliberately intended to strike an officer or another person.""
Deadly force is never authorized:
3. At a moving vehicle unless:
A. A person in the vehicle is threatening the officer or another person with deadly
force by means other than the vehicle; or
B. The vehicle is operated in a manner that reasonably appears deliberately
intended to strike an officer or another person, and all other reasonable means of
defense have been exhausted (or are not present or practical).",1,"Yes. Policy states ""USE OF FORCE REPORTING REQUIRED
Any officer who uses physical force, or any of the following enumerated weapons, items or devices against another person, shall complete an original or supplementary report on the incident involved:
1. Firearms (including pointing a firearm at an individual)
2. Baton or Less Lethal Impact Munitions
3. Chemical Agents, including OC spray, or Electronic Control Devices
4. Handcuffs or Other Restraining Devices, including hobble restraints, spit hoods, etc.
5. Physical force, including focused and diffused strikes, pressure points, escort holds,
decentralization techniques, holding or grabbing of subjects, etc.

The report shall specifically note the totality of the circumstances necessitating force and the manner of force employed.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""The application of deadly force is a measure of last resort, only to be employed when an officer reasonably believes all other options have been exhausted or would be ineffective.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2020,233209,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Memphis,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. New policy ban use of chokeholds and carotid restraints, except in circumstances where deadly force is authorized.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any member who directly observes another member engaged in dangerous or criminal conduct or abuse of a subject shall take reasonable action to intervene. A member shall immediately report to the Department any violation of policies and regulations or any other improper conduct which is contrary to the policy, order or directives of the Department. For sworn employees this reporting requirement also applies to allegations of uses of force not yet reported.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where feasible, the officer has identified himself/herself as a police officer and given warning such as, STOP--POLICE--I'LL SHOOT, that deadly force is about to be used unless flight ceases""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it and does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present. ""From or at any moving vehicle, except in a case where an officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect committed a violent felony and the poses a direct threat of serious bodily injury or death to other persons if not immediately apprehended [If the officer is in the path of the vehicle, the officer's first responsibility, if possible, is to move from the path of the oncoming vehicle, as shooting the driver of a moving vehicle raises the danger from an uncontrolled vehicle]""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes.Policy states ""Officers shall use only the NECESSARY amount of force that is consistent with the accomplishment of their duties, and must exhaust every other reasonable means of prevention, apprehension, or defense before resorting to the use of deadly force (if the situation allows time for this). (1.3.2)""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,652456,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no
Mesa,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Strangle/carotid holds are banned but chokeholds are not.,0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Whenever practical and reasonable, officers should verbally warn subjects of the officer's intent to deploy firearm. Do not place self, or others, in jeopardy in order to deliver such warnings.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,439041,0,2016,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),under review,no,under review,no
Miami,1,"Yes. Policy states ""1.4.1.1 DE-ESCALATION: An officer shall use de-escalation techniques and other alternatives to
higher levels of force consistent with training whenever possible and appropriate before resorting
to force and to reduce the need for force. Whenever possible and when such delay will not
compromise the safety of the officer or another and will not result in the destruction of evidence,
escape of a subject, or commission of the crime, an officer shall allow an individual time and
opportunity to submit to verbal commands before force is used.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""1.5.1.22 Police officers are prohibited from utilizing the Lateral Vascular Neck Restraint (LVNR),
chokehold, neck hold, and/or any other restraint that restricts free movement of the neck or head
or restricts an individualÕs ability to breath.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""1.1.3 Duty to Intervene: At the scene of a police incident, many officers of the department may
be present and some officers may not be directly involved in taking police actions. However, this
does not relieve any officer present of the obligation to ensure that the requirements of the law
and the Department regulations are complied with. Officers are required to maintain control or
intervene if the use of force against a subject clearly becomes excessive. Failure to do so may
result in both criminal and civil liability. EXCESSIVE FORCE WILL NOT BE TOLERATED.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where feasible, and consistent with personal safety, some warning, such as POLICE-DON'T-MOVE should be given.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""a. Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless an officer reasonably believes that a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force, or reasonably believes that an occupant is using the vehicle in a manner which poses an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to another person, and there is no reasonable avenue of escape.b. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officerÕs use of deadly force. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle make all reasonable efforts, if possible, to move out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants. Officers shall not intentionally place themselves in the path of a moving vehicle.c. Officers shall not unreasonably place themselves in a position where a threat of imminent danger of death or serious physical injury is created when attempting to approach, pursue and/or stop a motor vehicle",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Use of Force Generally- ""Minimum Necessary Force"": It is the policy of the Miami Police Department that officers shall use only the minimum amount of force that is necessary to effect an arrest, apprehension, or physically control a violent or resisting person...If appropriate, officers should employ non-lethal alternatives prior to utilizing deadly force...Police Officers shall not unreasonably place themselves in a position where a threat of imminent danger of death or serious physical injury is created when attempting to approach , pursue, and/or stop a motor vehicle or armed subject.""

1.1.2 Deadly Force: The most serious act in which a police officer can engage is the use of deadly
force. The authority to carry and use firearms in the course of public service is an enormous
responsibility. Respect for human life requires that, in all cases, deadly force be used as a last
resort, and then only to protect an officer or another person from imminent danger of death or
serious physical injury. Officers should use only the minimal amount of force necessary to protect
human life. Where feasible, and consistent with personal safety, some warning, such as
ÒPOLICE-DON'T MOVE,Ó should be given. If appropriate, officers should employ non-lethal
alternatives prior to utilizing deadly force. Deadly force is never justified in the defense of property.
Above all, the safety of the public and officers must be the overriding concern whenever the use
of deadly force is considered.

LAST RESORT: Last resort means that all practical methods available to the officer to avoid using
deadly force have been exhausted. Depending on the tactical situation, these methods may
include verbal commands (i.e., ÒSTOP POLICE, OR IÕLL SHOOTÓ) foot pursuit, using a lesser
level of necessary force, establishing a perimeter, etc., when these means can be accomplished
without endangering the officer or the public.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,399457,0,2016,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Milwaukee,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that would ban chokeholds and strangle/carotid holds.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""460.20 DUTY TO INTERVENE
Any officer who personally observes another officer using force, which the observing officer believes to be beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances, shall reasonably attempt to intervene to prevent the use of such excessive force, if the observing officer is in a position to do so, and if any such intervention does not jeopardize safety. Any such intervening officer shall promptly report their observations, along with his/her own intervening actions to a supervisor. A failure to intervene in any unreasonable use of force, when there is an opportunity to do so, demonstrates a lack of courage, and a violation of the Code of Conduct.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, a verbal warning should be given prior to the use of force likely to cause great bodily harm or death.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""A police member shall not discharge a firearm at the driver or occupant(s) of a moving vehicle, or the vehicle itself, unless deadly physical force is being used against the police member or another person by means other than a moving vehicle, or, the moving vehicle poses an imminent and ongoing threat of substantial physical harm to the police member or another person from which there is no reasonable means to escape, and the risks are outweighed by the need to use deadly physical force. Once the threat of the moving vehicle ceases, a police member shall not discharge his or her firearm at the vehicle.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,594833,0,2015,no,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),under review
Minneapolis,1,"Yes. Policy states ""De-escalation
Whenever reasonable according to MPD policies and training, officers shall use de-escalation tactics to gain voluntary compliance and seek to avoid or minimize use of physical force. (06/01/12) (07/28/16)

1. When safe and feasible, officers shall:

a. Attempt to slow down or stabilize the situation so that more time, options and resources are available.

i. Mitigating the immediacy of threat gives officers more time to call additional officers or specialty units and to use other resources.

ii. The number of officers on scene may make more force options available and may help reduce overall force used.

b. Consider whether a subjectă�s lack of compliance is a deliberate attempt to resist or an inability to comply based on factors including, but not limited to:

_ Medical conditions
_ Mental impairment
_ Developmental disability
_ Physical limitation
_ Language barrier
_ Influence of drug or alcohol use
_ Behavioral crisis

Such consideration, when time and circumstances reasonably permit, shall then be balanced against incident facts when deciding which tactical options are the most appropriate to resolve the situation safely.""",1,"Yes. New policy states neck restraints and choke holds are prohibited, and instructors are prohibited from teaching the use of neck restraints or choke holds.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""5-303.01 DUTY TO INTERVENE (07/28/16)

A. Sworn employees have an obligation to protect the public and other employees.

B. It shall be the duty of every sworn employee present at any scene where physical force is being applied to either stop or attempt to stop another sworn employee when force is being inappropriately applied or is no longer required.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""As an alternative and/or the precursor to the actual use of force, MPD officers shall consider verbally announcing their intent to use force, including displaying an authorized weapon as a threat of force, when reasonable under the circumstances. The threatened use of force shall only occur in situations that an officer reasonably believes may result in the authorized use of force. This policy shall not be construed to authorize unnecessarily harsh language."" (08/17/07) (07/28/16)",0,No. Policy does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to only those situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. Does not prohibit officers from firing at a vehicle for the sole purpose to of disabling it.,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,Unknown,382578,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Nashville,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that would ban chokeholds and strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where feasible, the employee has identified himself/herself as a police employee and given warning such as, STOP-POLICE-I'LL-SHOOT that deadly force is about to be used unless flight ceases; 

AND If all other means of apprehension available to the employee under the attendant circumstances have been exhausted.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Authorized employees are permitted to use only that force which is reasonable and necessary under the particular circumstances to protect themselves or others from bodily injury, and only after other reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or it is determined that such alternative action(s) would be ineffective under the circumstances.""
""11.10.130 Use of Deadly Force to Effect an Arrest
Authorized employees may use deadly force to effect the arrest of a fleeing felon only when:
A. The employee has probable cause to believe the individual to be arrested has committed a felony involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious bodily injury; AND
B. The employee has probable cause to believe that the individual to be arrested poses a threat of death or serious bodily injury, either to the employee or to others unless immediately apprehended; AND
C. Where feasible, the employee has identified himself/herself as a police employee and given warning such as, STOP—POLICE--I'LL SHOOT, that deadly force is about to be used unless flight ceases; AND
D. If all other means of apprehension available to the employee under the attendant circumstances have been exhausted.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,Unknown,601222,0,Unknown,under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),no,no
New Orleans,1,"Yes. Policy states ""PR300.1 USE OF FORCE PRINCIPLES
Use of force by NOPD officers, regardless of the type of force or weapon used, shall abide
by the following requirements:
(a) Officers shall use advisements, warnings, and verbal persuasion, when possible,
before resorting to force.
(b) Force shall be de-escalated immediately as resistance decreases.
(c) When feasible based on the circumstances, officers will use disengagement; area
containment; surveillance; waiting out a subject; summoning reinforcements; and/or
calling in specialized units, in order to reduce the need for force and increase officer
and civilian safety.
(d) Officers shall allow individuals time to submit to arrest before force is used wherever
possible""
""The decision to resort to force to accomplish a lawful police objective must be reasonable.
Officers shall use advisements, warnings, and verbal persuasion, when possible, before
resorting to force.""",1,"Yes. ""Neck hold - Any of the following types of holds:
-Arm-bar control hold, a hold that inhibits breathing by compression of the airway in the neck
-Carotid restraint hold, a hold that inhibits blood flow by compression of the blood vessels in the neck
-Lateral vascular neck constraint
-A hold with a knee or other object to the back of a prone subject's neck.
A neck hold shall be considered lethal force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.3 DUTY TO INTERCEDE AND REPORT
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that
which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to
do so, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes
another employee use any use of force incident shall promptly report these observations
to a supervisor, and officers observing a level 2, 3 or 4 use of force shall write a Force
Statement before the end of shift, which shall be included in the Use of Force Report.""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.5.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLES
Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers shall not discharge a
firearm from a moving vehicle or at a moving vehicle unless the occupants of the vehicle are
using deadly force, other than the vehicle itself, against the officer or another person, and
such action is necessary for self defense or to protect the other person; shall not intentionally
place themselves in the path of, or reach inside, a moving vehicle; and, where possible,
shall attempt to move out of the path of a moving vehicle before discharging their weapon.
Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""(i) Unholstering a firearm and pointing it at a person constitutes a use of force, and shall accordingly be done only as objectively reasonable to accomplish a lawful police objective.""
""PR300.4 LEVELS OF FORCE
Force options are grouped in the following four (4) force levels for reporting and investigating purposes only:
PR300.4.1 LEVEL 1
Level-1 uses of force include pointing a firearm at a person and hand control or escort
techniques (e.g., elbow grip, wrist grip, or shoulder grip) applied as pressure point
compliance techniques or that result in injury or complaint of injury.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,343829,0,2015,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
New York,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When appropriate and consistent with personal safety, members of the service will use de-escalation techniques to safely gain voluntary compliance from a subject to reduce or eliminate the necessity to use force.""",1,"On June 12th 2020, Governor Cuomo signed into law the following ""Establishes the crime of aggravated strangulation for police officers or peace officers where such officer commits the crime of criminal obstruction or breathing or blood circulation, or uses a chokehold or similar restraint, and causes serious physical injury or death.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Failure to intervene in the use of excessive force, or report excessive force, or failure to request or to ensure timely medical treatment for an individual is serious misconduct that may result in criminal and civil liability and will result in Department discipline, up to and including dismissal. If a member of the service becomes aware of the use of excessive force or failure to request or to ensure timely medical treatment for an individual, the member must report such misconduct to the Internal Affairs Bureau Command Center. This report can be made anonymously.""",0,"No. No requirement in the NYPD Patrol Guide to issue a verbal warning prior to using deadly force. Officers are, however, required to give a warning before using a taser.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are banned from shooting at vehicles based solely on the threat of the vehicle. Discharge their firearms at or from a moving vehicle unless deadly physical force is being used against the member of the service or another person present, by means other than a moving vehicle""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,8175133,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no
Newark,0,"No. Policy states ""A law enforcement officer is under no obligation to retreat or desist when resistance is encountered or threatened.""",1,"Yes. On June 5, 2020, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced that the state will ban police departments from using chokeholds and similar neck and carotid restraints.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members of the Department are required to maintain control or intervene if the use of force against a subject becomes excessive.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, a law enforcement officer should identify himself/herself and state his/her intention to shoot before using the firearm.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. ""Police officers shall not discharge their weapons at a moving vehicle unless it is absolutely necessary to do so to protect against an imminent threat to the life of the officer or others.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""It is the policy of the Newark Police Department to limit the use of force by its members to those situations where it is clearly necessary. All officers are charged with the responsibility of using minimum force necessary to affect a lawful arrest.""
""Officers' use of firearms, therefore, shall never be considered routine and is permissible only in defense of life or to prevent serious bodily injury to the officer or others and then only after all alternative means have been exhausted."" 
""an alternative to the use of deadly force shall be used, if the officer reasonably believes it will avert the imminent danger at no increased risk to the officer or another person.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,277140,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Norfolk,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Safe de-escalation of the situation should be the ultimate goal of each officer responding to a potentially violent incident. When reasonable, considering the totality of the circumstances, officers should use all the information available to them at the time to evaluate the incident. The responding officers should assess the risks and coordinate the appropriate resources necessary to facilitate an outcome that involves the minimal objectively reasonable use of force while being mindful of the sanctity of life of all involved. Supervisors should make every effort possible to respond to a scene where use of force is probable.""",0,"Virginia legislators are currently reviewing a police reform package that would ban chokeholds and carotid holds statewide, to be reviewed on 8/18/20.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer, regardless of rank, present and observing another officer using force that is clearly other than objectively reasonable given the situation shall safely intercede to end and prevent further excessive force. Officers will immediately report these observations to a supervisor.""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,242803,0,2015,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,no,under review,no,yes (pre-launch),no
North Las Vegas,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. Statewide law prohibits the use of neck restraints that restrict airflow or blood flow to the head, except in cases where deadly force is warranted.",1,Yes. Statewide Duty to Intervene policy adopted on 8/06/20,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,No. Policy does not outline a comprehensive ban on shooting at moving vehicles.,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers will use only that amount of force which is reasonable and necessary to overcome resistance, effect an arrest, prevent escape, subdue an individual offender, restore order to a disruptive group, protect the public, protect other lives when other available measures are insufficient, or accomplish lawful objectives.""",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2005,216961,1,2020,no,no,yes (post-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no
Oakland,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members are required to de-escalate the force when the member reasonably believes a lesser level or no further force is appropriate.""
""To the extent possible and without ever compromising safety, members are required to use verbal commands to accomplish the police objective before resorting to physical force. Members shall consider the possibility of any language barriers, noise, other distractions, or disabilities which may impair or frustrate the members effort to courteously and clearly communicate with the person.""",1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members shall intervene and prevent or stop the use of unreasonable force by other members.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a policy that would require officers to issue a verbal warning prior to resorting to deadly force, where feasible.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""The intentional pointing of a firearm at another person is a use of force"" and is reportable.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Deadly force only when: Other reasonably known and available means of apprehending the person have failed, are inadequate or are immediately unavailable.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,390724,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),under review,under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Oklahoma City,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,"Yes. New policy states ""The use of any choke hold and/or neck restraint is not and will not be authorized by our Department as an approved custody and/or control tactic. Officers are prohibited from applying any chokehold or restraint technique to the neck or throat area of persons they encounter.""",1,Yes. New policy currently requires officers to intervene when witnessing a fellow officer,1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, a warning should be given prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Officers may discharge firearms at a moving vehicle only as a last resort when officers have probable cause to believe such use of force is necessary to prevent the danger of death or seriously bodily harm.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall exhaust all other reasonable means prior to resorting to the use of firearms.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2020,579999,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Omaha,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering banning police from using chokeholds, hogtying and other methods of restraint that would place weight on an individualÕs head, face, neck, chest or back. Introduced by Councilman Kenyatta Johnson.",1,Yes. Policy requires officers to intervene when witnessing excessive force by another officer.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Before using a firearm in defense of self or others or to affect an arrest or prevent an escape, police officers will give loud verbal commands, if possible.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,Unknown,408958,1,2020,under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,yes (post-launch),under review
Orlando,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""It shall be the duty of every employee present at any scene where force is being applied, to either stop or attempt to stop another employee when force is inappropriately used and/or no longer required. Officers who witness inappropriate or excessive force have a duty to report violations immediately to a supervisor or Internal Affairs.""",0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members are prohibited from discharging their firearms at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle
is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,238300,0,2016,no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no
Philadelphia,1,"Yes. Policy states ""10.1.3.A: To always attempt to de-escalate any situation where force may become necessary. In the event force becomes unavoidable, to use only the minimal amount of force necessary to overcome an immediate threat or to effectuate an arrest.""
",1,"Yes. Policy categorically bans chokeholds and strangleholds, ""3: Officers responding to any incident that may require the use of force, WILL NOT:
5. Use prohibited neck restraints (i.e., choke holds and _sleeper holds). This
will include any incident where an individual attempts to ingest narcotics or other evidence. They will be taken immediately to the nearest hospital.
(P.L.E.A.C. 1.3.10 f)""",1,"Yes. Policy states "" 2.D: Though many officers may be at the scene of a police incident where force is being used, some officers may not be directly involved in taking police action. As officers, we have an obligation to protect the public and other officers. Therefore, it shall be the duty of every officer present at any scene where force is being applied to either stop or attempt to stop another officer when force is inappropriately used and/or no longer required. Your actions will both protect the officer from civil or criminal liability and the civilian from serious injury.
F. Officers who witness inappropriate or excessive force have a duty to report such violations to a supervisor and Internal Affairs.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""(Firearms Policy) 10.1.1.D: When feasible under the circumstances, police officers will give the suspect a verbal warning before using deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""0.1.4.H. Police officers shall not discharge their firearms AT a vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle (e.g., officers or civilians are being fired upon by the
occupants of the vehicle).
1. A moving vehicle alone shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer's use of deadly force.
2. Officers shall not move into or remain in the path of a moving vehicle. Moving into or remaining in the path of a moving vehicle, whether deliberate or inadvertent, SHALL NOT be justification for discharging a firearm at the vehicle
or any of its occupants. An officer in the path of an approaching vehicle shall attempt to move to a position of safety rather than discharging a firearm at the vehicle or any of the occupants of the vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The application of deadly force is a measure to be employed only in the most extreme circumstances after all lesser means of force have failed or could not be reasonably employed.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,1526006,0,2014,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Phoenix,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. Phoenix's police chief, Jeri Williams, announced Tuesday (06/09) that the department has banned the use choke holds and neck restraints .",1,"Yes. Policy states ""3.C: All sworn employees will intervene, if a reasonable opportunity exists, when they know or should know another employee is using unreasonable force.
-All sworn employees will immediately report excessive force verbally to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""H.1: When the shooting of a subject appears imminent, employees will, if practical, issue a verbal warning.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
H.1: Weapons may be discharged at the driver or other occupant of a moving vehicle only when the officer has probable cause to believe the subject poses an immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others, and the use of deadly force does not create a danger to the public that outweighs the benefits of its use.
Employees will not deliberately place themselves in the path of a moving vehicle or one capable of immediate movement.
* This is generally considered tactically unsound unless executed as part of a tactical plan intended to enhance safety.
* This is not intended to prevent employees from moving in front of or around vehicles during the execution of routine traffic duties, such as directing traffic.",1,Yes. Policy states officers are required to report all uses of force including when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,1445632,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Pittsburgh,1,"Yes. ""3.1.2.1 In dealing with people, each officer must make every reasonable attempt to make his/ her contact one
that inspires respect and generates voluntary compliance.
3.1.2.2 The manner and form in which an officer speaks to an individual can be an effective means of exerting
control over the situation. Verbal control may be in the form of advice, persuasion, admonitions and/ or
orders.
3.1.2.3 This level also includes verbal commands, surrender rituals, 8 step ""meet and greet"", and 5 step ""hard
style"".""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering banning police from using chokeholds, hogtying and other methods of restraint that would place weight on an individualÕs head, face, neck, chest or back. Introduced by Councilman Kenyatta Johnson.",0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""According to the United States Supreme Court in Tennessee vs. Garner (1985) a verbal warning, IF FEASIBLE, must be
given prior to the use of deadly force by an officer.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,305704,0,2015,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,under review,under review
Plano,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. ""Employees of the Department are prohibited from using neck restraints unless the use of lethal force is justified by Department policy.""",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""a verbal warning, where practical, was given to the escapee""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. ""The mere assumption that a fleeing vehicle is a deadly weapon and may cause injury to an officer or citizen is NOT justification for a police officer to discharge a firearm toward the vehicle, at the driver, or the occupants.When justified by departmental policy to shoot at a moving vehicle, police officers shall consider all risks before doing so.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""2. A Use of Force Report shall be completed in the following circumstances:
a. When using any degree of force or physical restraint which, by the nature of its use, causes, or has the likelihood to cause bodily injury, serious bodily injury, or death.
b. When an employee purposely strikes a person either with personal weapons or impact weapons.
c. When an employee uses OC Spray or a chemical agent.
d. When a Police Officer points or uses a TASER.
e. When a Police Officer points or uses the SAGE Launcher.
f. When a Police Officer presents his firearm in the _ready or _on-threat position in the
presence of a suspect or the public within the scope of their law enforcement authority.
g. When a Police Officer presents his firearm in the _un-holstered/safety circle, _ready, or
_on-threat position while not in uniform or _approved departmental attire but in the
presence of a suspect or the public. _Approved department attire is defined in this
section as a shirt, vest, or jacket that is designed to clearly identify the wearer as a police
officer by the word _POLICE being prominently visible on the front and back.
h. When a Police Officer discharges a firearm in his/her law enforcement authority, for other
than training or recreational purposes.
i. When a Police Officer causes bodily injury to a person.
j. When a person complains of bodily injury resulting from any type of police action
involving a physical confrontation.
k. When a Police Officer threatens a person with deadly force. Merely placing a hand on
the firearm does not require a Use of Force Report.
l. When a canine is used to physically subdue a person.
m. In the event of an ESU response.
n. When a prisoner is restrained in the Restraint Chair.
o. For any reason not listed above, that a supervisor deems necessary, a review should be
done.""",1,"Yes. ""Police Officers are permitted to discharge a firearm only under the following circumstances:
At another person to effect an arrest or to prevent the escape from custody a person who the Police Officer has probable cause to believe committed a felony involving the use of a deadly weapon, and
(1) the person is attempting to escape by using a deadly weapon, or the person otherwise poses an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to another person; and
(2) the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent the escape and all other means of apprehension have been exhausted or would obviously be unsuccessful if attempted; and
(3) a verbal warning, where practical, was given to the escapee""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,259841,0,2015,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch)
Portland,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members shall use disengagement and de-escalation techniques, when time and circumstances reasonably permit. De-escalation techniques provide members the opportunity to stabilize the scene or reduce the necessity for or intensity of force so that more time, options and resources are available to resolve the confrontation. Members shall take proactive steps to eliminate the immediacy of the threat, establish control and minimize the need for force.

1.1.1. De-escalation techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) using verbal techniques to calm an agitated subject and promote rational decision making; 2) allowing the subject appropriate time to respond to direction; 3) communicating with the subject from a safe position using verbal persuasion, advisements, or warnings; 4) decreasing exposure to a potential threat by using distance, cover, or concealment; 5) placing barriers between an uncooperative subject and an officer; 6) ensuring there are an appropriate number of members on scene; 7) containing a threat; 8) moving to a safer position; and 9) avoiding physical confrontation, unless immediately necessary.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""A choke hold, carotid hold, vascular neck restraint or other techniques (that) involve the application of pressure on a personÕs throat, and/or restriction of the airway or blood circulation in the neck are prohibited, unless deadly force is justified.Ó",1,"Yes. Policy states ""5.4.2. Members have a duty to reasonably intercede to prevent the use of unlawful force by another member.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Shooting At a Moving Vehicle (1010.10)
For the purposes of this policy, a moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies the member's use of deadly physical force. The member using deadly physical force must be able to clearly articulate the reason for the use of deadly physical force. Members shall not discharge a firearm at a person(s) in a moving vehicle unless one or both of the following criteria are met:
a. To counter an active threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or another person, by a person in the vehicle using means other than the vehicle.
b. There are no other means available at the time to avert or eliminate the threat.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""PROCEDURE (1010.20) Directive Specific Definitions
Force: Physical contact that is readily capable of causing physical injury, as well as the pointing of a firearm.
Physical injury: As defined in ORS 161.015 (7), the impairment of physical condition or substantial pain.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,583776,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Raleigh,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,0,On 6/09/20 Governor Roy Cooper issued an Executive Order requiring all North Carolina law enforcement agencies review thier Use of Force policies.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""It shall be the duty of every officer of this agency to attempt to prevent any other officer from using unwarranted, reckless, or excessive force. Any officer who witnesses or has knowledge of unwarranted, reckless, or excessive force by another officer shall immediately report the incident to a supervisor or the Internal Affairs Unit.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, an officer will issue a verbal warning before resorting to deadly force. If there is time and opportunity to provide a verbal warning, the officer should try to identify him/herself and inform the suspect that he/she is preparing to use deadly force. A verbal warning may not be possible in split second decisions or when the officer believes that giving a verbal warning would place the officer or others in jeopardy.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Whenever an officer discharges a firearm or points his/her weapon at a subject. Officers who unholster their firearm and maintain it in a low ready position or at their side, in a non-threatening manner, are not required to complete a Use of Force/Complaint of Injury Report.""",1,"Yes. ""Force should be used only when all other means of resolving a situation have been exhausted or are clearly inapplicable. Force will be used only to the degree reasonably necessary to control the situation.""
""Officers should use a firearm as a last resort, when other means have failed or are inapplicable.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,Unknown,403892,0,Unknown,under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Reno,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Statewide law prohibits the use of neck restraints that restrict airflow or blood flow to the head, except in cases where deadly force is warranted.",1,Yes. Revised policy requires officers to intervene when witnessing a fellow officer use excessive force.,1,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it, does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present and that officers must make every attempt to move out of the path of the vehicle. Policy states ""Discharging a firearm at or from a moving vehicle is generally prohibited and may only be used under the most extreme circumstances.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2009,225221,1,2020,yes (post-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),no,no,yes (post-launch),no
Riverside,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which
is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede
to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force
that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to
a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Thus, if the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, lethal force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""Generally, a member of the department should not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle unless in the necessary defense of himself/herself or any other person who is in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. If an officer has reasonable cause to believe the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others, it is reasonable to prevent escape by using lethal force. If the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a serious crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, lethal force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,303871,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Rochester,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"On June 12th 2020, Governor Cuomo signed into law the following ""Establishes the crime of aggravated strangulation for police officers or peace officers where such officer commits the crime of criminal obstruction or breathing or blood circulation, or uses a chokehold or similar restraint, and causes serious physical injury or death.""",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,0,"No. Policy does not require officers to issue a verbal warning before using deadly force and/or shooting, when feasible.",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Discharge of a firearm from or at a moving vehicle is prohibited unless the member reasonably believes that the occupant(s) of the vehicle are using or are about to use deadly physical force against the member or another person. Therefore, shooting at a fleeing vehicle that is traveling away from the member and is no longer a threat to the member or a third person is prohibited.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,210565,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,no,no,no,no
Sacramento,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Impact on Police Violence: Requires officers to use de-escalation when possible. 
Policy Language: ""Officers are expected to use de-escalation techniques when reasonably possible and without increasing the risk of harm to officers or others in an effort to reduce or eliminate the use of force. When reasonable under the totality of the circumstances and where it may be accomplished without increasing the risk of harm to officers or others, officers should attempt to de-escalate situations. De escalation techniques include, but are not limited to, gathering information about the incident; assessing risks; gathering resources (personnel and equipment); using time, distance, cover; using crisis intervention techniques; and communicating and coordinating a response.""",1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do sound without increasing the risk of harm to officers or others, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""A verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force where feasible and when it will not increase the risk of harm to officers or others.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are required to report or document all uses of force, including when they point a firearm at a civilian.
The pointing of a firearm at a person shall be documented in the appropriate report or on the CAD call.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""In determining whether deadly force is necessary, officers shall evaluate each situation considering the circumstances of each case and shall use other available resources and techniques if reasonably safe and feasible to a reasonable officer.""",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a Use of Force continuum or Matrix.,2019,467597,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
San Antonio,1,"Yes. 05.F.A: If circumstances allow, Officers should attempt to de-escalate tense situations through advisements,
 warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics to reduce the need for force.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Lateral Vascular Neck Restraint (LVNR) - hold, or carotid chokehold, The lateral vascular neck restraint (LVNR), commonly known as a sleeper  is a general term for a grappling hold that critically reduces or prevents either air (choking) or  blood (strangling) from passing through the neck of an opponent. The restriction may be of one or both and depends on  the hold used and the reaction of the victim. The use of a lateral vascular neck restraint (LVNR) is prohibited.""",1,"Yes
 .05.G: Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is reasonable under
 the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, safely intercede to prevent the use of such excessive force.
 Officers shall immediately report these observations to a supervisor.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Unless there is a serious threat of serious harm officers shall, identify themselves as a police officer and issue verbal warnings prior to using deadly force.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
 3. At or from a moving vehicle, except as the ultimate measure of self-defense or defense of another. Officers should employ all reasonable means available to move to an area of safety if the vehicle becomes a threat, including retreating from the threat, if practical.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall include in any required offense/incident report a detailed statement describing any force or threatened use of an ECD or firearm and the circumstances and facts surrounding the use or threatened use of force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""At the point when an officer should reasonably perceive the potential exists that deadly force may be an outcome of any situation, the officer must use reasonable alternatives, if time and opportunities permit. The reasonableness of the action is based upon the time available, the opportunity of performing the action, and the facts apparent to the officer prior to and during the incident.""",1,Yes.,2020,1327407,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch)
San Bernardino,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers should use verbal techniques to de-escalate confrontations.""",1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which
is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede
to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force
that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law shall promptly report these observations to a
supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, when feasible",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""300.4.1 SHOOTING AT OR FROM MOVING VEHICLES
Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of
an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants. An officer should only discharge their firearm at the vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,1996,209924,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
San Diego,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""A officer shall intervene using actions such as verbally advising the other officer or physical restraining the other officer to prevent or stop an escalation of force. When safe to do so, the officer shall report the intervention to a supervisor as soon as possible. The supervisor shall immediately notify their chain of command and/or the watch commanderÕs office and the appropriate unit shall immediately begin an investigation.Appropriate disciplinary action, consistent with SDPD policy and applicable law, will be taken against an officer who fails to intervene when required.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""A verbal warning to submit to the authority of the officer shall be given prior to the use of a firearm, if feasible, and if doing so would not increase the danger to the officer or other persons.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even if only the vehicle is considered the threat. 
""Officers shall not discharge a firearm at an occupant of a vehicle unless:
a. The officer has probable cause to believe that the subject or the vehicle poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical harm to the officer and there is no reasonable alternative for the officer to avoid the harm; or,
b. The officer has probable cause to believe that the subject or the vehicle poses an immediate threat of death or serious physical harm to other persons.
7. Officers shall not knowingly position themselves in the path of a moving vehicle.""",1,"Yes. Policy states For reporting purposes, the following are considered use of force:
1. Any force option, control hold or weaponless defense technique applied to a person, or any force that causes injury or complaint of injury to either the officer or the subject being restrained.
2. Discharge of a firearm in an official capacity;
3. Discharge of a taser;
4. Use of the baton, police nunchaku (O.P.N.), or other impact weapons where the suspect has been struck;
5. Use of any type of chemical agent (mace, OC, etc.);
6. Use of carotid restraint;
7. Use of Police Service Dog when a bite or other injury occurs;
8. Use of maximum restraint with the cordcuff;
9. Use of the safety control chair as outlined in Department Procedure 6.01 (Handcuffing, Searching and Transporting Procedures);
10. Use of restraint car seats as outlined in Department Procedure 6.01 (Handcuffing, Searching and Transporting Procedures);
11. Handcuffing - When the officer overcomes physical resistance to applying the handcuffs; and,
12. Use of _specialty munitions as defined in DP 1.36."" p. 6

Also, pointing a firearm at a person also appears to be reported as data shows 1027 incidents of this in 2014: https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/SDPD-Releases-New-Use-of-Force-Data-370737811.html",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Members shall only use force in accordance with law and established Department procedures. Members shall not use more force than is reasonably necessary under the circumstances. Department policy places a greater value on the preservation of life than on the apprehension of criminal offenders. Deadly force shall be used only when all reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or appear impractical.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,1307402,1,2020,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch)
San Francisco,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall, when feasible, employ de-escalation techniques to decrease the likelihood of the need to use force during an incident and to increase the likelihood of voluntary compliance. Officers shall when feasible, attempt to understand and consider the possible reasons why a subject may be noncompliant or resisting arrest. A subject may not be capable of understanding the situation because of a medical condition; mental, physical, or hearing impairment; language barrier; drug interaction; or emotional crisis, and have no criminal intent. These situations may not make the subject any less dangerous, but understanding a subjectÕs situation may enable officers to calm the subject and allow officers to use de-escalation techniques while maintaining public and officer safety. Officers who act to de-escalate an incident, which can delay taking a subject into custody, while keeping the public and officers safe, will not be found to have neglected their duty. They will be found to have fulfilled it.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are prohibited from using the following control holds:
a. Carotid restraint;
b. Choke hold--choking by means of pressure to the subjects trachea or other means that prevent breathing.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When in a position to do so, officers shall intervene when they know or have reason to know, that another officer is about to use, or is using, unnecessary force. Officers shall promptly report any use of unnecessary force and the efforts made to intervene to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes . Policy states ""VERBAL WARNING. If feasible, and if to do so would not increase the danger to the officer or others, a verbal warning to submit to the authority of the officer shall be given prior to the use of deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Policy Language: Section 2.e: MOVING VEHICLES. An officer shall not discharge a firearm at the operator or occupant of a moving vehicle unless the operator or occupant poses an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury to the public or an officer by means other than the vehicle. Officers shall not discharge a firearm from his or her moving vehicle.""",1,"Yes. While the original policy states that officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian, unless it discharges, as of December 11 a new department policy has made pointing firearm now a reportable use of force http://sf-police.org/index.aspx?recordid=1411&page=3763",1,"Yes. Policy states ""It is the policy of this Department to use deadly force only as a last resort when reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or are not feasible to protect the safety of the public and police officers. The use of firearms and other deadly force is the most serious decision an officer may ever make. When safe and feasible under the totality of circumstances, officers shall consider other objectively reasonable force options before discharging a firearm or using other deadly force.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,805235,0,2015,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
San Jose,1,"Yes. Policy states ""L 2602.5: Officers shall consider tactically repositioning themselves if doing so can be accomplished safely and may assist in de-escalating a situation.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""The ""Carotid Restraint"" may be used when other control techniques have failed or are inappropriate and deadly force may become objectively reasonable if the ""Carotid Restraint"" is not used.""
""The chokehold is prohibited as an authorized control technique to overcome resistance and shall not be used for this purpose. However, a chokehold may only be used by an officer as a deadly force option""",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, officers shall, prior to the use of deadly force, make reasonable efforts to identify themselves as a peace officer and to warn that deadly force may be used, unless the officer has objectively reasonable grounds to believe the person is aware of those facts.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""Shooting at the driver or occupant of a moving vehicle in self-defense or the defense of another is an option only if:
- The officer reasonably believes he or she, or another person, cannot move to a safe position, and
- There are no other safe and viable options available, and
- It is in defense of the life of the officer or another person.""",1,"Yes. In 2019 San Jose City Council passed a new policy requiring officers to report all uses of force, including when they point a firearm at a civilian.",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2016,945942,0,2016,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,yes (pre-launch)
Santa Ana,0,"No. Instead, de-escalation is suggested in limited circumstances where officers believe the person to be having a mental health crisis. Policy Language: ""Employing traditional police tactics to manage psychotic individuals could escalate an already volatile situation. Project a calm, confident, and reassuring presence. Establish a secure perimeter before contacting the person. Then focus on using defusing and de escalation techniques to lessen the personÕs anxiety or fear. Avoid confronting the person or shouting commands. Remove distractions or other upsetting influences including family members if necessary.""",1,The state of California signed legislation to ban all forms of neck restraints in September 2020.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""300.2.1 DUTY TO INTERCEDE
Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is
reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the
use of such excessive force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds
the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""If feasible, prior to using force, which carries a significant risk of serious injury, officers are recommended to give warning that such force may be used. If a warning is not feasible, officers should document why it was not practical to do so.""",0,"No. Allows officers to shoot at moving vehicles even when only the vehicle itself is considered a threat. 
""An officer shall not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle except as the ultimate
measure of self-defense or defense of another when the suspect is using deadly force other than
the vehicle. When the vehicle is the deadly force, a firearm is not likely to safely stop the assault and is
discouraged unless it reasonably appears to the officer that there are no other safe and viable
alternatives available (e.g., the inability to move out of the way).""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,324528,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),no
Scottsdale,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""If a warning is feasible under the circumstances and does not increase the risk to the officer or other person, first identify yourself and give a warning to the person before using deadly force. """,0,No. Policy does not outline a comprehensive ban on shooting at moving vehicles.,0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2003,217385,0,2003,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,no
Seattle,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Effective Date: 09/01/2015
1. When Safe under the Totality of the Circumstances and Time and Circumstances Permit, Officers Shall Use De-Escalation Tactics in Order to Reduce the Need for Force
De-escalation tactics and techniques are actions used by officers, when safe and without compromising law enforcement priorities, that seek to minimize the likelihood of the need to use force during an incident and increase the likelihood of voluntary compliance. (See Section 8.050.)
When safe and feasible under the totality of circumstances, officers shall attempt to slow down or stabilize the situation so that more time, options and resources are available for incident resolution.
When time and circumstances reasonably permit, officers shall consider whether a subject's lack of compliance is a deliberate attempt to resist or an inability to comply based on factors including, but not limited to: 
* Medical conditions 
* Mental impairment
* Developmental disability
* Physical limitation
* Language barrier
* Drug interaction
* Behavioral crisis
An officer's awareness of these possibilities, when time and circumstances reasonably permit, shall then be balanced against the facts of the incident facing the officer when deciding which tactical options are the most appropriate to bring the situation to a safe resolution.""",1,"Yes. Bans chokeholds and strangleholds, except for cases when deadly force is authorized.
8.050 - USE OF FORCE DEFINITIONS Neck and carotid restraints may only be used when deadly force is authorized.",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""The officer has given a verbal warning to the suspect, if time, safety, and circumstances permit.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it. Policy states ""Firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the life of the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officerÕs use of deadly force.
An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle shall, if feasible, move out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants.
Officers shall not discharge a firearm from a moving vehicle unless a person is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""8300.9. Pointing a Firearm at a Person is Type I Reportable Force
Officers shall document all incidents where they point a firearm at a person. See Section 8.400.
8400.1. Officers Shall Report All Uses of Force Except De Minimis Force.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,608660,0,2015,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,yes (pre-launch)
Spokane,0,"No. Policy states ""While the ultimate objective of every law enforcement encounter is to avoid or minimize injury, nothing in this policy requires an officer to retreat or be exposed to possible physical injury before applying reasonable force.""",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that would ban chokeholds and strangle/carotid holds.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall, when in a position to do so, intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force. An officer who observes another employee use force that exceeds the degree of force permitted by law should promptly report these observations to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""a verbal warning should precede the use of deadly force, where feasible.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""Shots fired at or from a moving vehicle are rarely effective. Officers should move out of the path of an approaching vehicle instead of discharging their firearm at the vehicle or any of its occupants. An officer should only discharge a firearm at a moving vehicle or its occupants when the officer reasonably believes there are no other reasonable means available to avert the threat of the vehicle, or if deadly force other than the vehicle is directed at the officer or others. Officers should not shoot at any part of a vehicle in an attempt to disable the vehicle.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""The intentional pointing of a firearm"" is considered a reportable use of force.",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,208916,0,2017,no,yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),no,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
St. Louis,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,Yes. New the new law bans chokeholds or strangleholds (07/07/20).,1,"Yes. Police requires officers to either stop or attempt to stop another sworn employee when excessive force is being inappropriately applied or is no longer required. It shall further include that officers who use force or observe the use of force shall verify that their supervisors are notified following any use-of-force incident. Upon receiving notice of an allegation of excessive use of force, officers shall verify their supervisors are aware of the allegation of unreasonable or unreported use of force by an officer.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""C. 4. Identification as Officer and Verbal Warning: Before shooting at a suspect, an officer will identify him/herself as an officer and state his/her intent to shoot, whenever possible""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Categorical prohibition on shooting at moving vehicles. 
C. 3.A: Shooting At Moving Vehicles or Suspects in Vehicles
a.An officer will not discharge a firearm at or from a moving vehicle, nor at a suspect in a moving vehicle.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""DISCHARGED/OTHER DEADLY FORCE (1.3.6.a) to include reporting requirements when a firearm is withdrawn and pointed at a civilian regardless if the weapon is discharged or not.""",1,"Yes. ""Deadly force will be a last resort, and will only be exercised when all reasonable alternatives have been exhausted or appear impractical.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,319294,1,2020,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch)
St. Paul,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers are directed to de-escalate when they can, intervene when they should, and serve all individuals with respect"" ""Officers should attempt to de-escalate encounters before using force to respond to resistance or aggression, when safe to do so.""",1,Yes. New policy states chokeholds and other neck restraints are banned.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers have a duty to intervene to prevent the use of excessive force. Any officer present and observing another officer using force that is clearly unreasonable under the circumstances must, when in a position to do so safely, intervene to prevent the use of excessive force. Officers must promptly report any excessive or unreasonable force to a supervisor. """,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Where reasonable, some type of warning should be given by the officer prior to using deadly force""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Firearms must not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with great bodily harm or deadly force. The moving vehicle itself does not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer�s use of deadly force.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Weapon pointing (ECD, less lethal, firearms)"" are considered low-level reportable uses of force.",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,285068,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
St. Petersburg,1,"Yes.Policy states ""It is also the policy of the St. Petersburg Police Department that officers shall exhaust all other reasonable means of apprehension, or defense of themselves or another, before resorting to the use of deadly force"" and ""Officers will attempt to gain voluntary compliance through the use of verbal techniques, prior to employing physical force."" and ""Upon the lowering or elimination of resistance by the subject, officers shall similarly reduce their use of force while maintaining control of the subject."" ""General Order II-42, I, C. It is the policy of the St. Petersburg Police Department that de-escalation is the preferred, tactically sound approach in many critical incidents. """,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers shall not, at any time, obstruct the breathing or carotid blood flow of a person by applying any pressure, obstruction or chokehold.""",0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""General Order II-42, B,1, Officers will attempt to gain voluntary compliance through the use of verbal techniques, prior to employing physical force, when practical.""",1,"Yes. Policy states General Order II-42, V, 3. & 4
Officers shall not fire at a moving vehicle or any occupant of a moving vehicle. The OfficerÕs use of deadly force may be justified if the occupant of a moving vehicle poses an immediate threat with a firearm, or fires upon an Officer or another, and all other reasonable means to avoid the danger have failed. 
Officers shall not fire from a moving vehicle.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""General Order II-42, IV, 5, c.
IV. AUTHORIZED USE OF FORCE
5. Officers may discharge a firearm in connection with the performance of official police duties, for the following reasons:
When other reasonable means to avoid the danger have failed, and the Officer reasonably believes this action is immediately necessary to defend oneself or another from death or serious physical injury.""",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,244769,0,2013,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,no
Stockton,1,"Yes. Policy states ""It is the policy of the SPD to de-escalate situations without using force when possible.Ó",1,Yes. New policy bans use of chokeholds and carotid holds.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Department members shall take authorized and necessary action to intervene and prevent or stop the use of excessive force by another officer when it is safe and reasonable to do so.Ó",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Deadly force will not be used to apprehend a fleeing felon unless there is reasonable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm and, where feasible, the Department member has given warning that deadly force is about to be used.Ó",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to only those situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. Allows shooting at vehicles if they're operated in a manner ""deliberately intended to strike an officer or another person.""
Deadly force is never authorized:
3. At a moving vehicle unless:
A. A person in the vehicle is threatening the officer or another person with deadly
force by means other than the vehicle; or
B. The vehicle is operated in a manner that reasonably appears deliberately
intended to strike an officer or another person, and all other reasonable means of
defense have been exhausted (or are not present or practical).",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Firearms may be discharged in the performance of a police duty only under the following circumstances: a. When necessary in the defense of another personÕs life, when all other reasonable means have failed, or are impractical. b. When necessary in the defense of an officerÕs life, when all other reasonable means have failed, or are impractical. c. When necessary to effect the capture of, or prevent the escape or the rescue of a person whom the officer has reasonable cause to believe has committed a felony involving the use of, or threat to use deadly force when all other reasonable means have failed, or are impractical.Ò",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2017,291707,1,2020,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no
Tampa,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,1,"Yes. New policy states ÒChokeholds are prohibited unless deadly force is justified.ÓA spokesperson for the Tampa Police Department told the I-Team, ÒThe chokehold - or stranglehold - was banned in the 1990Õs as an authorized use of force by the Tampa Police Department unless deadly force was required. Since then, these techniques have not been listed as use of force options, and were not taught by our department. June 6, we incorporated text into our SOPÕs in order to make it clear to the public that these techniques are not authorized uses of force unless deadly force is required.Ó",1,Yes. Policy requires officers to intervene when witnessing excessive force by another officer.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When possible, officers will provide verbal warnings or direction to suspects before using deadly force.""",0,"Yes. Policy stares ""Department employees shall report each instance of response to resistanceor deployment ofany less than lethal system, which shall include the pointing of a weapon and submit a written report or recorded statements containing detailed information relating to the type and degree of force used. Response to resistancereports will be submitted nolater than the end of the shift in which the force was used.""",1,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,1,"Yes. The Mayor of Tampa stated she is changing two policies, one of which is requiring officers to intervene if they witness another officer using excessive force. (2020)",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,335709,1,2020,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (post-launch)
Toledo,0,No. Policy does not require officers to use de-escalation whenever possible.,0,No. Policy does not ban chokeholds or strangle/carotid holds.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states, per 7.2.1.c."" IF FEASIBLE, some warning has been given.""",0,"No. Does not limit shooting at moving vehicles to situations where deadly force is being used against others by means other than the vehicle. 
""The discharging of a firearm at a moving motor vehicle is prohibited, unless other alternatives are impractical, or would present a greater risk to the officer, or to others.""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2015,287208,0,2015,no,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,no
Tucson,1,"Yes. Policy states ""De-escalation is taking action and/or communicating verbally or nonverbally during a potential force encounter to stabilize the situation and reduce the immediacy of a threat so that more time, options, and resources are available to resolve the situation using the least force necessary. De-Escalation is also an effort to reduce or end the use of force after a threat has diminished.
When reasonable, officers will gather information about the incident, assess the risk, assemble resources, attempt to slow momentum, communicate with the subject, and coordinate a response.
Officers should use advisements, warnings, verbal persuasion, and other tactics as alternatives to higher levels of force. When feasible, an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options.""",1,"Yes. ""The use of vascular neck restraint (carotid) or choke holds are prohibited.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""A member who observes another member using inappropriate, unnecessary, or unreasonable force shall intervene to stop the use of force when there is a reasonable opportunity to do so. A member who witnesses inappropriate, unnecessary, or unreasonable use of force by another member shall report it as soon as practicable to a supervisor.""",1,"Yes. Policy states""Officers shall, whenever possible, identify themselves as police officers and issue a verbal warning prior to using deadly force, unless such identification and warning would jeopardize their safety or the safety of another person.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""At a moving vehicle unless deadly force, is being used against the officer or a third party. In such cases, the deadly force shall be directed at the driver or occupant using the deadly force. There is no presumption that a moving vehicle constitutes deadly force. Officers will attempt to use tactics that will not put them in harms way and will make every reasonable effort to move out of the path of a moving vehicle.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""threatened use of force through the aiming of a lethal or less-lethal projectile weapon at a person, without firing, or any arcing of an CEW to gain compliance of a subject - Documentation required in Incident
Report and/or Supplementary Report(s)""",1,"Yes. ""Deadly force is authorized when an officer reasonably perceives an imminent threat of serious physical injury or death to the officer or another person. Deadly force is a measure to be employed only in the most extreme circumstances when all lesser means of force have failed or could not be reasonably employed. """,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,520116,0,2018,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Tulsa,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Whenever possible and when such delay will not compromise the safety of the officer or another and will not result in the destruction of evidence, escape of a suspect, or commission of a crime, an officer shall allow an individual time and opportunity to submit to verbal commands before force is used. An officer shall use de-escalation techniques and other alternatives to higher levels of force consistent with his or her training whenever possible and appropriate before resorting to force and to reduce the need for force.""",0,No. Chokeholds are banned but strangle/carotid holds are not.,0,No. Use of Force policy does not require officers to intervene or report if they witness another officer using excessive force.,1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, a verbal warning will be given to the offender prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"No. Officers are prohibited from putting themselves in situations where deadly force would be authorized but are not banned from shooting at moving vehicles in all situations where the vehicle is the only threat. Officers or employees shall not use tactics solely to justify the escalation of force when such escalation of force would not otherwise be appropriate (e.g., it would not be appropriate for an officer or employee to step in the path of a moving vehicle solely to justify the use of great or deadly force as self-defense).""",0,No. Officers are not required to report when they point a firearm at a civilian.,0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2018,391906,0,2018,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),no,no,no,no
Virginia Beach,1,"Yes. ""An officer shall use de-escalation techniques and other alternatives to higher levels of force consistent with
his or her training whenever possible and appropriate before resorting to force and to reduce the need for
force. Whenever possible and when such delay will not compromise the safety of the officer or another and
will not result in the destruction of evidence, escape of a suspect, or commission of a crime, an officer shall
allow an individual time and opportunity to submit to verbal commands before force is used.""",1,"Yes. ""Chokeholds or neck restraints are not authorized unless the use of deadly force is appropriate.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Departmental supervisors, and departmental members in the absence of a supervisor, shall immediately
intervene if they reasonably believe another department member or members are using force that is not
objectively reasonable or is inconsistent with this policy. In addition, all members witnessing such an incident
shall immediately notify his/her supervisor and follow up with a memorandum. An internal investigation by
Internal Affairs after such a reported incident will ensue.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When feasible, a verbal warning such as ""Police, stop or I'll shoot,"" should be utilized.""",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it. Policy states ""Firing a weapon at a moving vehicle is prohibited, except when the officer reasonably believes that:
1. An occupant of a vehicle is using or threatening to use deadly force by means other than the vehicle; or
2. A vehicle is operated in a manner deliberately intended to strike an officer and/or citizen and all other reasonable and available means of defense have been exhausted (including moving out of the path of the vehicle) and the safety of innocent persons would not be unduly jeopardized by the officer's actions. Officers shall not intentionally stand and/or step into the path of a vehicle, creating circumstances where the use of deadly force becomes necessary.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""Officers may aim or point their firearm when there is a reasonable belief of a threat to the safety of the
officer or other person( s ). In all cases the officer must be prepared to provide an explanation of the
incident. The officer shall submit a Use of Force report via the chain of command to the Commanding
Officer of the Office of internal Affairs.""
""When an officer( s) point their weapon at others.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",0,No use of force continuum or matrix found in Police Department Use of Force Policy,2017,437994,0,2017,yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Washington DC,1,"Yes. Use of Force policy requires officers to attempt to de-escalate a situation, when feasible.",1,"Yes. Policy states ""chokeholds and strangleholds are prohibited, except for cases when deadly force is authorized."" and ""5.F.3: 3. Members shall not employ any form of neck restraint except when an imminent threat of death or serious physical injury exists, and no other option is available.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""In response to a perceived threat, members shall apply the proportionate and objectively reasonable force response, as outlined in the use of force framework. To ensure the force response is objectively reasonable and proportionate to the perceived threat, members shall: Intervene in and subsequently report any use of force incident in which they observe another member utilizing excessive force or engaging in any type of misconduct.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""4.C: When feasible, members shall identify themselves as a police officer and issue a warning before discharging a firearm.",0,"No. Policy does not specify that an officer may not shoot at a moving vehicle for the sole purpose of disabling it and does not state that a threat other than the vehicle itself must be present. Policy states ""Members shall not discharge their firearms either at or from a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used against the member or another person. For purposes of this order, a moving vehicle is not
considered deadly force except when it is reasonable to believe that the moving vehicle is being used to conduct a vehicle ramming attack. Members shall, as a rule, avoid tactics that could place them in a position where a vehicle could be used against them.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""6.1: Incidents To Be Reported The Use of Force Incident Report (PD Form 901-e) shall be completed
in all of the following situations: (CALEA 1.3.6)
a. all Use of Force incidents (except Cooperative or
Contact Controls, e.g., mere presence, verbal
commands or submissive handcuffing, unless there has
been a resulting injury or the subject complains of pain
following the use of Cooperative or Contact Controls);
b. any time when an officer is in receipt of an allegation of
excessive use of force; or
c. whenever a member draws and points a firearm at or in
the direction of another person.",1,"Yes. 6A DCMR Section 207.1 provides, among other things, that a member is allowed to use only the minimum amount of force, which is consistent with the accomplishment of his or her mission, and shall exhaust every other reasonable means of apprehension or defense before resorting to the use of firearms. p. 1",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2017,601723,0,2017,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),no,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Wichita,0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a required de-escalation policy.,1,"Yes. New policy states ""Officers are prohibited from impeding normal breathing or blood circulation by applying pressure to the throat, neck or chest with the use of their knee or other object and while the individual is handcuffed.""",1,"Yes. Policy states "" Officers are required to take an active approach to intervene to stop an unethical behavior or misconduct when such conduct is being committed by another individual involved. Any officer present and observing another officer using force that he/she reasonably believes to be clearly beyond that which is objectively reasonable under the circumstances shall intercede to prevent the use of unreasonable force, if and when the officer has a realistic opportunity to prevent the level of unreasonable force being applied.Ó",1,"Yes. Policy states ""When practical, a verbal warning for the suspect to submit to the member shall be given prior to the use of lethal force in any situation unless doing so would increase the danger to the member or others.""",1,"Yes. New policy states ""Shooting at vehicles is prohibited, except when someone in the vehicle is using or threatening deadly force by means other than the vehicle itself, or the vehicle is being used as a weapon of mass destruction in an apparent act of terrorism.""",1,"Yes. Policy states ""B. Members will fill out Response to Resistance Form and the Electronic Use of Force/Restraint Evaluation Form whenever the following situations occur: 
l . Displaying a police weapon as a means to gain compliance. This would include aerosol weapon, baton, Taser, handgun, shotgun, or rifle. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form; 
2. Discharging a police weapon to accomplish a police objective. This would include using an aerosol weapon on an individual, striking a person with a baton, easing a suspect, or shooting a duty handgun, shotgun, or rifle. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form;
3. A member uses physical force. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form;
4. A member handcuffs a person for ""officer safety"" reasons only. Each member who engages in the activity will fill out the form. (Members may handcuff individuals when the member reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent injury to himself/herself or others [302.06 Al.)
5. Whenever directed by a supervisor.""",0,"No. Policy does not explicitly state that officers are required to exhaust other reasonable means before resorting to deadly force, when feasible.",1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2013,382368,1,2020,under review,yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch),yes (post-launch),no,yes (post-launch),yes (pre-launch)
Winston-Salem,1,"Yes. Policy states ""Conversation, advice, commands or instructions utilized by the officer to control or de-escalate a confrontation. Verbal communication, when applicable, should accompany officer actions, including the officeră�s identification and announcement of arrest, if appropriate, as outlined in NCGS _ 15A-401(c) (2). Officers should utilize good verbalization during all levels of force.",0,On 6/09/20 Governor Roy Cooper issued an Executive Order requiring all North Carolina law enforcement agencies review thier Use of Force policies.,0,This city is currently reviewing the adoption of a Duty to Intervene policy.,1,"Yes. Policy states""When practical, officers should issue a verbal warning prior to the use of deadly force.""",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering a comprehensive policy that would ban shooting at moving vehicles including 1. a ban on shooting for the sole purpose of disabling the vehicle 2. only allowing shooting if deadly force is being used against an officer, or another person, by means other than the vehicle (e.g. an occupant is shooting from the vehicle) and 3. requiring officers to move out of the path of moving vehicle.",0,"This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting comprehensive reporting, which includes required reporting for when an officer aims a firearm at someone.",0,This city is currently reviewing/considering adopting a policy that requires officer exhaust all means before resorting to deadly force.,1,Yes. Use of Force policy contains a Use of Force Continuum and/or matrix.,2014,229617,0,2014,yes (pre-launch),yes (pre-launch),under review,yes (pre-launch),under review,under review,under review,under review